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SMIIHSONI AM DEPOSIT 






THE 



MEDICAL MEN 



REVOLUTION, 



WITH A BRIEF HISTORY 



MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF THE CONTINENTAL ARMY. 



CONTAINING THE 



NAMES OF NEARLY TWELVE HUNDRED PHYSICIANS. 



AJN" ADDRESS 



BEFORE THE 



ALUMNI ASSOCIATION OF JEFFERSON MEDICAL COLLEGE,, 



MARCH 11, 1876. 

, BY \^^C"'--j '-'\ 

J. M. TONER, M.D;Vi(i, e^^*^<."'j 

OF WASHINGTON, D. C. \ 4*/ CvPxl I 



PHILADELPHIA: 
COLLINS, PRINTP]R, t05 JAYNE STREET. 

1876. 



-n"' 



U^M^-i- 



TO 



SAMUEL D. GROSS, M.D., LL.D, D.C.L. OXOK, 

PRESIDENT OF THE ALUMNI ASSOCIATION 01'' JEFFERSON MEDICAL COLLEGE AND 
EX-PRESIDENT OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 



Pre-eminent among American Surgeons, not only by a long 
life devoted to the teaching and practice of surgery, and b}'' 
steadfast promotion of the interests of the legitimate profession, 
and the production of a systematic surgical treatise everywhere 
accepted as authoritative, but also by his original experimental 
inquiries, brilliant operations, profound erudition, and varied 
and valuable contributions on almost every branch of medical 
literature, which have gained for him the highest admiration of 
the profession in every land, 

THIS ALUMNI ADDRESS, 

MEMORIAL OF THE SURGEONS OF THE REVOLUTION, 
IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED 



AUTHOE. 



MEDICAL MEN OE THE REYOLUTIOK 



GENTLEMEN OF THE ALUMNI ASSOCIATION 

OF JEFFERSON MEDICAL COLLEGE. 

Peofessors and Friends : — 

I feel honored in having been selected by you to address 
this association, but I am also deeply sensible of the respon- 
sibility of the position. It is, indeed, at any time a great 
privilege for an old student to be permitted to speak for his 
brethren and his ahna mater ; but the distinction is enhanced 
on this occasion by the fact that we are on the eve of the 
grand ceremonial which is to confer the doctorate on nearly 
two hundred new members, whose names will to-morrow be 
added to the thousands already enrolled among her children. 

The College of Physicians of Philadelphia, in whose con- 
venient hall we are assembled, gives interest to the meeting, 
as it is one of the oldest medical associations of our country. 
From its organization, nearly a hundred years ago, to the 
present, it has steadily endeavored to elevate the profession, 
and has been governed by enlightened principles and high 
and honorable ethics, which spirit has extended far beyond 
its members and infused itself into all the medical societies 
throughout our broad land. 

Contemporaneously with the close of the first century of 
our national existence the Jefferson Medical College has just 
entered upon the second semi-centennial of its career. Each 
in its particular sphere encountered difficulties of no ordinary 
character, and both have gloriously triumphed over every 
obstacle, and are now standing forth as conspicuous and 
firmly established institutions, presenting noble examples of 
results accomplished by talent, energy, and probity admira- 
bly adapted to the wants of the age. It is no less fitting 



6 MEDICAL MEN 

than customary that in public discourses during this cen- 
tennial year the American mind should, from every possible 
standpoint and sphere in life, retraverse the checkered path- 
way that stretches over the one hundred years just past. 

In this connection I would fain make an eftbrt to rescue 
from that oblivion which time remorselessly throws over all 
human actions the names of those patriots of the revolu- 
tionary period belonging to our profession whose biogra- 
phies have not yet been written, in order to preserve and 
perpetuate their memory and their noble deeds. Believing 
that sucIj an endeavor will be preferred by you to the string- 
ing together of sentences of praise to our College, and eulo- 
gies of the Faculty and her graduates, I will consider briefly, 
in passing, the medical profession in the colonies during the 
struggle for American Independence, and the part it took 
in that memorable drama. That period in our history was 
one which required the aid of every citizen who had the 
intelligence to appreciate liberty and the courage to oppose 
tyrann3\ I aim not to eulogize — but to collect material and 
prese*nt a few facts from which history may be written. 

From a review of the various actors on the stage of 
American aifairs, it appears that, when the principles of 
free government were being evolved and matured, no class 
of society or profession seemed to have deserved higher 
praise for its efforts to promote this result than that of the 
physician. By education, and by constant association with 
all classes, the medical man becomes acquainted with every 
shade of opinion and every requirement of his day and coun- 
try. His habit of analyzing the feelings, views, and expres- 
sions of the people, makes him their confidant and the 
efficient and popular counsellor among the masses on all 
questions of common interest. 

Historians have over and over as-ain euloo-ized the states- 
man, the orator, the soldier, and the clergyman, who took 
part in these efforts for independence, but the services of the 
physician and surgeon have been almost entirely overlooked, 
if not forgotten. 

To speak of the medical organization of the army, and of 
the physicians and surgeons of the revolution and their ser- 



OF THE REVOLUTION. < 

vices to their coiuitry, shall be my task. I hope, however, 
I may be permitted in the outset to express not only a con- 
sciousness of my inability to do justice to the theme, but 
my regret that I have not had at my disposal greater leisure, 
so that I might have made the study in some degree satis- 
factory to myself and more worthy of the subject and the 
occasion. 

The medical history of the American revolution properly 
begins with tlie first casualties caused by the collision of the 
British soldiers with the colonists.^ 

It is, however, exceedingly difficult, even at this day, to 
mark the exact period or dividing line where petitions 

' From the accession of George the Third to the throue, and of Grenville 
to the head of the British ministry in 1761, numerous measures, more or 
less aggressive upon the chartered and constitutional rights of the colonists 
in America, were introduced into Parliament and moulded in laws. It was 
in this year that James Otis made his famous speech in a court of Massa- 
chusetts in opposition to the "Writs of Assistance," a cunning device of 
the ministry for the enforcement of its offensive legislation ; of which effort. 
Mr. Adams said, " It breathed into the nation the breath of life." . The 
demand, on the part of the American colonies, to be left free to manage 
their own affairs, was the outgrowth and spirit of a system of education 
originating in the new world, and strengthened by a habit of self-reliance. 
The armed struggle for independence, however, was but reluctantly assumed, 
by them ; indeed, was forced upon the colonists by the unwise legislation of the 
mother country. The year following the one mentioned was an era of more 
than ordinary interest to the colonists, who were now awakening to the 
serious invasions of those privileges that could not be relinquished without 
extreme regret and self-humiliation. The Stamp Act, which was so oppres- 
sive to the colonies, and which thus became so fruitful an occasion of discord, 
was to become a law by royal decree on the 22d of March, 1765, It was in 
opposition to this measure that Col. Barr§, in Parliament, made a most 
stirring and patriotic speech, in which he referred to the colonists as the 
" Sons of Liberty," a name which they adopted ; and the idea thus expressed 
soon became the popular rallying cry throughout America. (See Gordon's 
History of the American Revolution, vol. i. p. 112.) 

This enactment and other similar legislation led Patrick Henry to move 
in the House of Burgesses of Virginia, and procure the passage of his famous 
resolution May 29, 1765, asserting the rights of the colonies and their 
determination to maintain them. Other colonial assemblies and conven- 
tions passed like resolutions and prepared petitions of remonstrance, which 
were sent to the king. Massachusetts, June 6, 1765, passed resolutions pro- 
posing a general congress of all the colonies. {Holmes's Annals.) 



» MEDICAL MEN 

ceased and protest began ; where, from mere words of dis- 
cussion, tumults were excited and tlie colonists came into 
collision with the troops of Great Britain.' 

The spirit of resistance to what was believed to be a vio- 
lation of their constitutional rights had by years of suffering 
acquired boldness in all the Provinces. This is shown by 
the numerous resolutions impugning the right of the mother 
country to taxation, by resistance to the importation of 
articles taxed, and by the destruction of tea, which was 
attempted to be landed at various points.^ 

' June 10, 17G8, the sloop Liberty was seized in Boston harbor for violating 
the revenue laws, and placed under the guns of the frigate Romney, which 
caused a mob to collect and exhibit some violence to the revenue officers. 
In the city of Boston, Feb. 22, 1770, a tumult arose between some youths 
and an informer, in which a young man was severely wounded and a boy 
named Christopher Sinder killed. {Snoiu's History of Boston, p. 278.) A 
state of ill feeling of a political nature had grown up between the soldiers 
and some young men employed in John Gray's Rope Walk, which led to 
a personal encounter on the 3d of March, 1770. Although no one was 
killed, it served to intensify a hostile feeling which extended widely through 
the city. {Drake's History of Boston, p. 778.) The occurrence at the 
rope-walk prepared the way for the outbreak in King Street on the fifth of 
March, usually known as the " Boston Massacre." The soldiers, being 
insulted and pelted, fired on the taunting crowd in self-defence and without 
orders. Three persons were instantly killed, Samuel Gray, Crispus Attucks, 
and James Caldwell. Sam'l Maverick was mortally wounded, Christopher 
Monk, Patrick Carr, John Clark, Edward Payne, John Green, Robt. Pat- 
terson, and David Parker were wounded. The funeral of those killed took 
place on the 8th, and was attended by an immense procession, six persons 
walking abreast. Bells were tolled, stores closed, and all business of the 
city suspended. {Drake's History of Boston, p. 783.) The first armed 
resistance to British encroachment in the colonies was in North Carolina, 
near the river Allamance, on May 16, 1771. The citizens of the State had 
organized a force under the name of the " Regulators." Gov. Wm. Tryon 
(afterwards Gov. of New York) commanded the royal troops, numbering 
eleven hundred men, of whom he lost sixty in the engagement. The "Regu- 
lators" were estimated to have had a force of 2000 men, but were badly 
officered, and were therefore defeated with considei'able loss. A number of 
the prisoners taken were cruelly executed as traitors. Although temporarily 
submitting, the spirit of resistance to British rule was aroused. { Wheelei-'s 
History of North Carolina, vol. ii. p. 18.) 

2 Witness the sending back of vessels in November, 1773, with tea, without 
breaking cargo, from New York, Philadelphia, and Charleston, S. C, and 
still more by the destruction of tea when its introduction and distribution 



OF THE REVOLUTION. 9 

The excited condition of the public opinion at that time, 
as is well known, was much aggravated by military and 
official duplicity, and the controversy culminated in the col- 
lision of arms at Lexington and Concord.^ 

The news of the march of the British troops on Concord 
was conveyed to the inhabitants by Dr. Samuel Prescott of 
that town, who, having narrowly escaped being taken 
prisoner, gave the alarm.^ 

About five o'clock in the morning of the 19th of April, 
1775, a company of seventy minute men belonging to Lex- 
could not otherwise be prevented. The destruction of tea in Boston harbor 
by throwing the cargo from the vessels Dartmouth, Eleanor, and Beaver by 
parties disguised as Indians, took place on the 17th December, 1773, after 
persistent efforts had been made to send the vessels back to England. 
{Gordon'' s History of Revolution, vol. i. p. 224.) April 21, 1774, tea was 
thrown overboard from the ship London, by an Association calling them- 
selves " Mohawks," at the wharf in New York. [Amer. Arch., vol. i. p. 
250.) Oct. 14, 1774, a brig named the " Peggy Stewart," loaded with tea, 
was burned in the harbor of Annapolis, Md., the torch being lighted for her 
destruction by the owner. {McSherry's History of Maryland, p. 174.) At 
Yorktown, Va.. tea was thrown into the river by the citizens of the place, 
from the ship Virginia, Nov. 7, 1774, in open daylight. Nov. 22, 1774, 
the cargo of tea brought in the brig Grayhound, and landed and stored at 
Greenwich, New Jersey, was destroyed by a band of forty men disguised as 
Indians. (/. W. Barber's History of New Jersey, p. 145.) Tea was also 
destroyed in the harbor of Halifax, Nova Scotia, Sept. 22, 1775; here the 
" Liberty Boys" threw two tons of tea into the water, and appeared resolute 
adherents of the Colonial interests. 

^ This battle or skirmish of the 19th April, 1775, can hardly be claimed 
as premeditated, although the resolutions of the people were nearly unani- 
mous to resist at all hazards further encroachments on their rights. The 
yeomanry and militia of Massachusetts had collected some military stores at 
Concord as a precautionary measure, at the suggestion of the Prov. Con- 
gress. About one thousand British troops were secretly sent by Gen. Gage 
on the night of 18th April to capture and destroy them. But by the vigil- 
ance of Dr. Warren and the " Sons of Liberty," warning of the approach of 
the British soldiers was communicated to the inhabitants. 

" Thus we see, that to the vigilance and sagacity of members of our profes- 
sion was due whatever preparation the Americans had made to defend 
themselves and their property against the trained British soldiery — to Dr. 
Jos. Warren, for obtaining and sending information of the expedition, and 
to Dr. Samuel Prescott, for his courage and enterprise in escaping capture 
and conveying it, when the other messengers had been made prisoners. 
[Frotlmigham's Siege of Boston, pp. 60-65.) 



10 MEDICAL MEN 

ington opposed the progress of Major Pitcairn, command- 
ing the expedition, who called out in an insulting man- 
ner — "Disperse, you rebels ; throw down your arms and 
disperse" — which order not being obeyed with the alacrity 
which he desired, he directed his troops to fire. The result 
was, the Provincials were dispersed, eight being killed, and 
a numl)er wounded.^ 

The engagement at JSTorth Bridge was sharp and closely 
contested, with a greater number of casualties on the part of 
the British troops than at Lexington. 

Dr. John Brooks, afterwards Governor of Massachusetts, 
was a practising physician in Reading, where he commanded 
a company of militia, which he promptly assembled and 
gallantly led against the enemy.^ 

In the fight at Concord, the British were so resolutely 
assailed, that they were obliged to commence a retreat about 
twelve o'clock in the day.^ 

The militia and minute companies were rapidly increased 
in number by new arrivals, and the retreat having once 
begun the British were pursued and attacked at every avail- 
able point of the route through Lexington back to Bunker's 
Hill, where they found safety under tlie guns of the fleet.'' 

The heroism displayed by the Provincials throughout the 
day was admirable, and the result in a military point of 
view highly creditable. The killing and wounding of 
friends by the arms of the parent country added to the 
keenness of the grief which aflElicted the whole community. 
The violent death of forty-nine neighbors and the wounding 

' The eight killed were Robert Munro, Jonas Parker, Samuel Hadley, 
Jonathan Harrington, Caleb Harrington, Isaac Muzzy, and John Brown, 
of Lexington, and Aziel Porter, of Woburn. (Holmes's Amiccls, vol. ii. p. 
205.) 

2 The Americans here lost two killed and four wounded ; the British, four 
killed and thirteen wounded. About a dozen of the wounded were attended 
by Drs. Timothy Minot and John Cumming, of Concord. 

' The number of Americans killed at Concord v."i« five, wounded three. 
The British lost fourteen killed, with twenty wounded and taken prisoners. 

■* The returns from the best accounts are that the Americans had 49 killed, 
36 wounded, and 5 missing ; the British 73 killed, 174 wounded, and 26 miss- 
ing. [Holmes's Annals, vol. i. p. 526.) 



OF THE REVOLUTION. 11 

of thirty-six others in one day was in itself a great shock 
to tlie feelings of a people rarely disturbed in the quiet of 
their rural avocations. 

It will be remembered that the colony had no regular 
military establishment of trained and equipped soldiers. 
The militia gathered impulsively to defend themselves as 
best they could, and were, therefore, without commissioned 
officers to take command. Having determined to resist 
force by force, and to do their best, there was no difiiculty 
as to a leader. All were brave. 

History records the names of nine physicians who were 
in the engagements or rendered medical service to the 
wounded on the 19th of April, namely : Drs. Wm. Aspin- 
wall, John Brooks, John Gumming, Wm. Dexter, Eliphalet 
Downer, Timothy Minot, Samuel Prescott, Joseph Warren, 
and Thomas Welch. Dr. Joseph Warren was Prest. of the 
Pro v. Cong, of Mass., which was in session at this time, and 
was also Chairman of the Committee of Public Safety. By 
virtue of this position and his widely recognized ability, he 
was one of the most influential of the patriots who shaped 
the course of the colony during the early days of the struggle.^ 

' Dr. Joseph Warren ought first to be named on all occasions when patriots 
are mentioned in connection with these events. He had sent information 
to Concord and the neighborhood ; and followed his messenger in person. 
He was active in encouraging the militia during the day, and had an ear- 
lock shot off in one of the skirmishes, but was not wounded. {Heath's 
Memoii's, p. 14.) 

Dr. John Brooks, of Reading, Mass., commanded a company of militia, 
rendering valuable service. He was also in the battle of Bunker Hill, and 
served with distinction as a general throughout the war. He was sub- 
sequently elevated to the office of chief magistrate of the State. His life 
reflected honor not only upon the medical profession but upon the whole 
nation. 

Dr. William Aspinwall courageously volunteered and fought at the battle 
of Lexington, and bore off the lifeless body of Isaac Gardner, commander 
of the Brookline Company, w'hich had been pierced by twelve bullets. Dr. 
Aspinwall subsequently married the daughter of this officer. He was a 
graduate of Harvard University in 1764. Studied medicine with Dr. Benj. 
Gale, of Connecticut, and attended lectures at the University of Pennsyl- 
vania. At the breaking out of the war, on the recommendation of Dr. 
Joseph Warren, he received the appointment of surgeon in Gen. Heath's 



12 MEDICAL MEN 

111 tlie Prov. Cong, of Mass. in 1774-5, there were 23 
physicians representing various districts of the State, many 

brigade. 'J'lie doctor succeeded, after the death of Zabdiel Boylston, to 
the chief business of inoculation for the smallpox in New England. He 
continued this business in a private hospital up to the introduction of vac- 
cination, a practice which he at once adopted and commended to general 
favor. Died in 1823. {Thacher's Medical Biography, vol. i. p. 91.) 

Dr. John Cumming was of Scotch parentage ; had served as a lieutenant 
in the French and Indian war of 1755 ; was captured and for a time held 
prisoner. He subsequently became eminent as a physician in Concord, 
where he dressed at his office the wounds of more than a dozen British sol- 
diers wounded at the memorable battle of April 19, 1775. He bequeathed 
500 pounds to Harvard University to promote medical science, and died 
July 3d, 1788, aged 60. {Thacher's Medical Biography. Harper's 
Monthly, May, 1875.) 

Dr. Dexter was in the skirmish as a minute man, a sketch of whom will be 
found among the physicians who were at Bunker Hill. 

Dr. Eliphalet Downer, of Koxbury, was engaged in the various actions 
between the British soldiers and the militia and miuute men of Massachu- 
setts on the 19th of April, 1775. He was so eager in his pursuit of the 
retreating soldiers as to come into personal collision with one whom, in the 
encounter, he was obliged to kill with his bayonet. He was surgeon to one 
of the regiments under Gen. Putnam, at Cbarlestown, in December, 1775, 
and was kept in readiness for service for days together in expectation of 
an attack, while the militia fortified Leachmore's Point. {Heath's Memoirs, 
pp. 14-32.) 

Dr. Timothy Minot was a graduate of Harvard College in 1747, and long 
a successful practitioner of Concord, Mass,, where he died August 1, 1804, 
ao-ed 78. A number of British troops had their wounds dressed by him after 
the battle on the evening of April 19. He was one of the most influential 
founders and supporters of the Middlesex Medical Association. {Allibone's 
Biographical Dictionary. Harper's Magazine, May, 1875.) 

Dr. Samuel Prescott, of Concord, a warm patriot, who fortunately escaped 
capture at Lexington when his companions, Paul Kevere and Wm. Dawes, 
who with him were sent to arouse the people and inform them that the 
British were marching to capture and destroy the military stores at Lexing- 
ton and Concord, were taken prisoners. The doctor's horse, being spirited, 
leaped a stone fence, and thus he escaped and was able to give the alarm 
at every house along the route, so that the Minute Men were aroused and 
on the ground when the British arrived. {Frothingham's Siege of Boston, 
pp. 60-65.) 

Dr. Thomas Welch, a graduate of Harvard in 1772, assisted in taking 
care of the wounded at the battles of Lexington and Concord. He entered 
the military service in the revolution as surgeon of the 27th Continental 
Regiment. He was subsequently connected with the Marine Hospital at 



OF THE REVOLUTION. 13 

of whom by their devotion to the cause are well known in 
history.^ 

The assemblies and conventions of the other colonies at 
this period also furnish us with the names of leading medical 
men, so that the make up of the Congress of Massachusetts 
may be taken as the rule of such bodies, and not as an 
exception. 

The battles of Lexington and Concord improved the pros- 
pects of a union of the Colonies, from all of which Massa- 
chusetts received an expression of sympathy and pledge of 
support. An army of over 3000 men soon appeared around 
the environs of Boston, forming a line of encampments from 
Roxbury to the Mystic River. The British lay closely 
locked up in the peninsula upon which Boston is situated. 
The necessity for establishing hospitals for the care of the 
soldiers now for the first time forced itself upon the consider- 
ation of the commanders, and of the Prov. Congress, which 
body took up the subject immediately after the assembling 
at Watertown on April 22, 1775. Thus far the colonels 
and sometimes the captains exercised the power of appoint- 

Charlestown, and was consulting physician to the Massachusetts General 
Hospital. Throughout a long life he enjoyed the love and respect of the 
whole country. He died in Boston, in 1831, aged 89. 

Dr. Joseph Warren. A sketch of this eminent physician and most noted 
patriot will be found in another place. 

' Names of the physicians who were members of the Provincial Congress 
of Mass. in 1774-5 : Joseph Batchelder, of Grafton, Worcester Co. ; Wm. 
Bayliss, of Dighton, Bristol Co.; Chauncy Brewer, of West Springfield, 
Hampshire Co. ; Alex. Campbell, of Oxford, Worcester (!o. ; Benj. Church, 
of Boston ; David Cobb, of Taunton, Bristol Co. ; Wm. Dinsmore, of 
Lancaster, Worcester Co. ; John Corbet, of Bellingham, Suffolk Co. ; Isaac 
Foster, of Charlestown, Middlesex Co. ; Bphraim Guiteau, of New Marl- 
borough, Berkshire Co. ; Jeremiah Hall, of Pembroke, Plymouth Co. ; 
James Hawse, of Westborough, Worcester Co.; Samuel Holten, of 
Danvers, Essex Co. ; Wm. Jamieson, of Meriden. Worcester Co. ; David 
Jones, of Abington, Plymouth Co. ; Moses Morse, of Worthington, Hamp- 
shire Co. ; Richard Perkins, of Bridgwater, Plymouth Co. ; Chas. Pynchou, 
of Springfield, Hampshire Co. ; Ebenezer Sawyer, of Wells, York Co. ; 
John Taylor, of Summerburgh, Worcester Co. ; Joseph Warren, of Boston ; 
William Whiting, of the towns of Egmont and Alfred, in Berkshire Co. It 
is probable that there are other physicians whose names deserve a place ia 
the list. 



14 MEDICAL MEN 

ing surgeons to their commands. To improve the medical 
service the Second Prov, Congress of Mass. on the 8th 
of May, 1775, at the instance of the Committee of Safety, 
created a committee to examine surgeons for the army. 
This was the first of the kind in America.^ 

Dr. James Thacher, in his military journal of this period, 
has left a record of the character of these examinations.^ 

An army was formed almost without effort or authority. 
Men, of every occupation and profession, armed and went 
individually or in companies to Boston to assist in the de- 
fence of the Colon}^ At first it was hoped that there would 
be no war, but that an understanding would be reached 
wliich would prevent a resort to arms, and leave the Colonies 
to the enjoyment of their ancient and cherished rights. 

^ Whereas it appears to this committee that great uneasiness may arise in 
the army by the appointment of surgeons who may not be agreeable to the 
officers and soldiers in their respective regiments, it is, therefore, voted that 
it be recommended to Congress to allow the colonel of each regiment to 
nominate the surgeon of his regiment ; said surgeon to nominate his mate, 
and, unless there is some material objection made against them, that they 
be accordingly appointed. May 8, 1775. Ordered, That the president pro 
tern., Dr. Church, Dr. Taylor, Dr. Holten, and Dr. Dinsmore, be appointed a 
committee to examine such persons who are or may be recommended as 
surgeons for the army now forming in the Colony. 

Resolved, That persons recommended by commanding officers of the 
several regiments be appointed surgeons of their several regiments, provided 
they appear duly qualified upon examination. 

June 2, 1775. Ordered, That Dr. Whiting and Dr. Bayliss be added to 
tli^e committee which was appointed by the last Congress to examine- those 
persons who might be nominated for surgeons of the Mass. Army. June 
16, 1775, Drs. Hall and Jones were added to the committee to examine 
surgeons for the army. 

Resolved, That any three of said committee be a quorum. 

2 July 17, 1775. 'J'hacher's Military Journal says : " On the day appointed 
the medical candidates, sixteen in number, were summoned before the board 
for examination. This business occupied about four hours ; the subjects were 
anatomy, physiology, surgery, and medicine. It was not long after that I 
was happily relieved from suspense by receiving the ennction and acceptance 
of the board, with more acceptable instructions relative to the faithful dis- 
charge of duty and the humane treatment of those soldiers who may liave 
the misfortune to require my assistance. Six of our number were privately 
rejected as being found unqualified. The examination was in a considerable 
deg-ree close and severe, which occasioned not a little agitation, in our ranks.' 



OF THE REVOLUTION. 15 

There was as yet no regularly constituted military establish- 
ment to resist aggression or repel force. The exigencies of 
the hour required the services of military leaders and medi- 
cal men, otherwise, failure would have been inevitable. As 
yet, the only real or pretended source of authority was the 
Provincial Congress of Massachusetts.^ 

The Congress and Council of Safety of this colony were, 
therefore, naturally looked to by the patriots for guidance. 

Happily, these bodies had in them men of ability and 
courage who acted with rare wisdom, promptness, and deci- 
sion. Addresses were issued to the people; able generals 
were selected to command ; the militia was organized and 
made familiar with the duties of the soldier, and supplies of 
all kinds were collected. Hospitals were established, and 
surgeons appointed to them as well as to the regiments ; 
medicines and medical stores were provided. At an early 
day in the controversy, through the sagacity of Samuel 
Adams, committees of correspondence and councils of safety 
had been established, in nearly every town and county with- 
in the several colonies. Through these channels the different 
sections of the country were kept advised of the actual state 
of feeling among the people, as well as of the movements of 
the enemy,^ 

' May 13, 1775, " Committee of Safety voted, that General Thomas be 
desired to deal out medicine to such persons as he shall thinlv proper,- for 
the use of the sick soldiers at Roxbury, until the surgeons for the respective 
regiments are regularly appointed." [Journ. Prov. Cong. Mass., p. .554.) 

May 14. " Mr. Andrew Craigie, Commissary of the medical stores, was 
directed and empowered to impress beds, bedding, and other necessaries for 
the sick as they may be wanting, giving the owners a receipt for such 
articles as they may take for the purpose aforesaid." {Journ. of Pvov. 
Cong., p. 545.) 

2 Third Prov. Cong, of Mass., June 12, 1775, Ordered, " that Dr. Whiting, 
Dr. Taylor, and Mr. Parks, be a committee to consider some method of supply- 
ing the several surgeons of the army with medicines." [Journ. Prov. Cong. 
Mass., p. 321.) " The committee appointed to consider the method for supply- 
ing the surgeons in the army with medicines reported ; the report was read and 
accepted, and is as follows : The committee appointed to take into considera- 
tion a complaint that surgeons in the army are not properly furnished with 
medicine, have attended to that service, and beg leave to report, that whereas 
it appears that there is not as yet a sufficient number of medicine chests 



16 MEDICAL MEN 

An hospital had been opened in Charlestown for soldiers, 
immediately after the battles of Concord and Lexington, if 
not earlier. Up to this time the sick had been cared for in 
private houses.^ 

Diplomacy having failed, the Continental Congress, then 
in session at Philadelphia, began to realize more fully the 
determined purpose of Great Britain to subjugate the 
Colonies, and on the 26th of May, 1775, passed resolutions 
that the Colonies be put in a state of defence, and that 
20,000 men should be immediately equipped. 

The colony of Massachusetts had, through her Provincial 
Congress, on the 26th of October, 1774, recommended the 
organization of her militia into companies and their equip- 
ment. Most of the other Colonies had only a theoretical 

provided to furnish each regiment with a distinct chest; and whereas the 
Committee of Supplies are malting provision for supplying each regiment 
with such medicine chests as soon as possible: therefore, Resolved, That the 
Committee of Supplies be, and are hereb\f directed immediately to furnish 
the surgeons of the First Regiment at Roxbury, each of them with a medi- 
cine chest, for the present, and that all other surgeons in the army at Cam- 
bridge and Roxbury have free recourse to the said chests, and be supplied 
from them from time to time as they shall find occasion, until more ample 
provision shall be made for them, all of which is humbly submitted, and 
the committee beg leave to sit again." As early as Dec. 20, 1774, the 
Committee of Safety and Supplies voted unanimously that Dr. Warreu, 
Dr. Church, and the Hon. John Hancock be a committee to inspect the 
commissaries' stores in Boston, and report what surgeons' stores and stores 
of other kind are there. {Journ. Prov. Cong. Mass., p. 506.) 

' The Committee of Safety, April 29, 1775, voted that Maj. Bigelow be 
applied to, to furnish a man and horse to attend the surgeons, and convey 
medicines agreeable to their directions. [Journ. Prov. Cong. Mass., p. 521.) 
Voted, That Dr. Isaac Foster be directed and empowered to remove all 
sick and wounded, whose circumstances will permit of it, into the hospital, 
and to supply proi)er beds and bedding, clothing, victuals, and furniture, 
with every other article which he shall judge proper for said hospital, and 
that this be suRicient order for him to draw on the commissary for such arti- 
cles as he can supply, and to draw orders upon the commissary for payment 
of whatever expenses are necessary for procuring the above-mentioned arti- 
cles. [Journ. Prov. Cong. Mass., p. 527.) 

The house of Gov. Oliver, in Cambridge, was used as an hospital, and 
that of the Rev. Samuel Cooks in West Cambridge. 

August 21, 1775, Mr. Fairweather's house, in Cambridge, was fitted up 
for and used as an hospital. 



OF THE REVOLUTION. 17 

military system or quasi military organization, with but 
very few arms and no militar^^ stores.' 

The province of Massachusetts had, under the circum- 
stances, made all the martial preparation possible for defend- 
ing her rights, and which seemed in the opinion of the 
commanders to justify more active operations. The first 
movement, however, brought on the engagement wliich is 
known in history as the battle of "Bunker's Hill," and 
the "Burning of Charlestown." In that engagement the 
Americans numbered, all told, according to the estimate of 
General Washington, 2200, of which, perhaps 1500 were in 
action ; while the British had not less than 4000 trained 
soldiers. The battle was closely contested, so that the 
number killed and wounded on both sides was, considering 
the force engaged, large, with a more than ordinary propor- 
tion of officers.^ 

There has been some question among historians as to 
whom belongs the honor of commanding the Provincials. 
Dr. James Thacher, a surgeon in active service throughout 
the war, and who kept a journal of events supposed to have 
been recorded at the time, says on page 29, " On the Ameri- 
can side. Generals Putnam, Warren, Pomeroy, and Colonel 
Prescott were emphatically the heroes of the day, and their 

' Prov. Cong., Mass., Oct. 26, 1774, Resolved, That as the security of 
the lives, liberties, and properties, of the inhabitants of this province de- 
pends, under Providence, on their knowledge and skill in military art, and 
their being properly and effectually armed and equipped, it is therefore re- 
commended that they immediately provide themselves therewith ; that they 
use their utmost diligence to perfect themselves in military skill ; and that 
if any of the inhabitants are not provided with arms and ammunition ac- 
cording to law, and that if any town or district within the province is not 
provided with a full stock of arms and ammunition according to law, that the 
selectmen of such town or district shall take effectual care, without delay,' 
to provide the same. P. 34. 

2 The British had 226 'killed. 828 wounded. The Americans, 129 killed, 
314 wounded and missing; among the latter 36 had been taken prisoners. 
[Tliacher's Journ., p. 30.) The British had 19 commissioned officers killed, 
and 70 wounded. The Prov. officers of note killed were Gen. Joseph 
Warren, of Boston ; Colonel Gardner, of Cambridge ; Lieut. Col. Parker, 
of Chelmsford; Major Moore, and Major McClancy. {Holvies's Annals, 
vol. ii. p. 211.) 
2 



18 MEDICAL MEN 

unexampled efforts were crowned with glory. The incom- 
parable Colonel Prescott marched at the head of the detach- 
ment, and, though several general officers were present, he 
retained the conmiand during the action." To these names 
should be added those of Gen. Ward and Gen. Joseph Warren. 
The latter fell in the engagethent. The whole community 
mourned the doctor's death, for all classes ranked him 
among the biightest of their patriots. Those familiar Avith 
the history of tiicse times Avill recollect that at the motion 
of Samuel Adams the colonies had sent delegates to a 
Congress which met in Kew York, Oct. 7, 1765, and which, 
fortunately, before adjourning provided for the calling of an- 
other in case the public Avelfare required. This apprehended 
emergency had arisen, and a Congress of all the colonies 
M^'is called, and met in Philadelphia September 5, 1774:. 
They held a session of a little less than two months, which 
afforded an opportunity for conferring freely upon the con- 
dition and interests of the colonies, and having adopted a 
bill of rights, and again petitioned the king, adjourned Octo- 
ber 26, Avithout adopting any resolutions of union. In the 
CA'ent that no relief to their grievances should be granted, it 
Avas recommended that another Congress assemble in Phila- 
delphia May 10, 1775. If any disposition had been AA^^mting, 
the events of the Avinter and the skirmishes at Concord and 
Lexington determined the necessity for this Congress. The 
term " United Colonies" Avas first used officially in a resolu- 
tion passed June 7, 1775, appointing the twentieth day of 
July as a day of prayer to be observed " by the tAvelve United 
Colonies." Georgia at this time Avas not represented in Con- 
gress. 

It Avas characteristic of the chivalry of America that the 
Colonies should declare themselves free and independent by 
the adoption of the Declaration of Independence as they did 
on the 4th of July, before they Avould agree upon a delinite 
union among themselves.^ 

' It is true the subject of a Union of the Colnwies had been somewhat con- 
sidered. A recommendation from Great Britain as early as the French War 
was made to the several governors for a "Union for Defence." As a step in 
this direction the Commissioners of Plantations invited a couvention of 



OF THE REVOLUTION. 19 

Articles of Confederation between the Provincial Colonies 
were only agreed upon on the 12th day of July, 1776; so it 
will be seen that the battles of Lexington and Concord, the 
capture of Fort Ticonderoga, the capture of Crown Point, 
and the battle of Bunker Hill were fought by the four New 
England Colonies without treaties of union, but with earnest 
sympathy and interest in perfect accord.' The reason that 
the names of the colonies of Maine and Vermont do not 
appear in the list will be given in another place. 

The term "United States" was, by resolution of Congress, 
substituted, in all commissions and official papers, for that 
of " United Colonies," on the 9th of Sept. 1776. 

The autonomy of a nation was created by the adoption of 
the Declaration of Independence and the recognition of a 
government in the Continental Congress. The battle fought 

delegates from all the colonies to assemble in Albany, N. Y., on the 14th 
of June, 1754, for the "purpose of holding a conference with the Six Nations, 
and securing their friendship. Governor Shirly, of Massachusetts, suggested 
to the governors that the delegates be instructed to consider the subject of 
a grand union. Seven colonies were represented, namely : New Hampshire, 
Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, and 
Maryland. Dr. Franklin, a member of this convention, strongly advocated 
a union for defence and also for government. He prepared a plan which 
was adopted by the convention, but as it had to be referred to Parliament, 
it was there opposed by the Board of Trade, and thus defeated. 

The next step that showed co-operation, and a more successful one, was 
the resolution of association against importation, adopted by the Continental 
Congress in Philadelphia, October 18, 1774. 

' In a note in Frothiiigham's History of the Siege of Boston, Prest. Adams 
says : " The army at Cambridge was not a national army, for there was no 
nation. It was not a United States army, for there were no United Stales. 
It was not an army of United Colonies, for it could not be said in any sense 
that the Colonies were united. The centre of their union, the Congress of 
Philadelphia, had not adopted nor acknowledged the army at Cambridge. 
It was not a New ICngland army, for New England had not associated. 
New England had no legal legislature nor any common executive authority 
even upon the principles of original authority, or even of original power in 
the people. Massachusetts had her army, Connecticut her army, New 
Hampshire her army, and Rhode Island her army. These four armies met 
at Cambridge and imprisoned the British army at Boston. But who was 
the sovereign of this united, or rather, congregated army, and who its com- 
mander-in-chief? Putnam, Poor, Green, were as independent of Ward, as 
Ward was of them." 



20 MEDICAL MEN 

at Boston, which threw the whole countiy into the highest 
state of excitement and alarm, was followed so naturally the 
next year by the Declaration of Independence, as to give eclat 
and popularity to the latter measure, as it flattered the mar- 
tial spirit and pride of the country. 

It was a sad Saturday night and Sunday which followed 
the battle of Bunker Hill. The carrying of the wounded 
to their homes or to private houses and hospitals ; the bury- 
ing the dead with all the scenes of private grief and camp 
excitement, gave a mournful aspect to the day and to the 
religious exercises, which were well calculated to produce a 
profound impression on all who were capable of reflection. 
The jirivate houses could no longer accommodate the sick 
and wounded, so that additional hospitals had to be impro- 
vised. The wounded during the battle were removed to the 
west side of Bunker's Hill, and from there to Cambridge. 
The army had no well-disciplined corps ready witli conve- 
nient " stretchers" on which to convey the wounded from the 
field of action to the rear, or comfortable ambulances to take 
them thence to the hospital. The soldier's blanket, with 
muskets or poles, improvised a sort of cot, and the common 
wagon, cart, or sled was the precursor for the roomy and 
easy-ujotioned ambulance used in the army of the present 
(hiy.i 

' June 19, 1775, the Prov, Cong, of Mass. appoiuted Dr. Hall, Dr. Jones, 
and Mr. Bigelow a committee to consider the expediency of establishing 
another hospital for the sick and wounded of the army, and ordered to sit 
forthwith. 

" The committee appointed to consider the expediency of establishing 
another hospital for the army, report that a house belonging to Dr. Spring 
of this place (Watertown) may be had for the purpose ; wherefore 

" Be.Holved, That said committee be directed to inquire at wliat rate per 
month Dr. Spring will let the same." 

" The same day," upon motion made, " Resolved, that the house of Mr. 
Hunt, at Cambridge, be hired for a hospital, and that the committee ap- 
))ointed to treat with Dr. Spring, be a conmiittoe to hire the same, 'i'he com- 
mittee appointed to confer with Dr. Spring relative to the use of his house for 
another hospital, reported. That they judge it really expedient to have 
another hospital established; and that they judge that the house of Dr. 
Spring, in Watertown, is convenient for that purpose, and that he is willing 
said house should be improved by the province for that use, but at present, 



OF THE REVOLUTION. 21 

The Provincial Congress of Massachusetts on the 22d of 
June, 1775, took further steps to secure a greater number of 
surgeons so as to insure proper attention to the sick and 
wounded in the liospitals.^ 

Greater surgical proficiency and a more regular system 
for the prompt care and treatment of sick and wounded 
soldiers had now become a necessity, and Congress was 
active in aiibrding relief in every possible way.^ 

The surgeons then in service were instructed to improvise 
hospitals as best they could. The patriotism of all classes 
was so active and sympathetic that this was for the time an 
easy niRtter. 

As might be expected, the demand for hospital accommo- 
dation was increasing-.^ 

cannot ascertain the damage it may be to him, but is willing to submit that 
matter to judgment of a committee to be hereafter appointed by the Hon. 
Congress or the House of Assembly. By order, J. Hall." 

W. Hunt, in behalf of the proposition of the house, desired for the use as 
an hospital, sent Congress the following: — 

Gents: With respect to the hire of the house belongini,-- to John Hunt, 
Esq., for an hospital, the proprietor only expects such a consideration from' 
the colony as will be satisfactory for the necessary damage to the house, 
e.xpecting proper care will be taken ; that the outhouses, etc., be kept iti 
good order. 

' June 19, 177.5. Ordered, That Dr. Church, Dr. Taylor, and Dr. Whiting, 
be a committee to consider what method is proper to be taken to suppfy 
the hospitals with surgeons ; and that the same gentlemen be a committee 
to provide medicines and other necessaries for the hospitals. {Journ. Prov. 
Cong. Mass., June 19, 1775.) 

2 Jovrn. Prov. Cong. Mans., June 22, 1775. Resolved, That (the colonels) 
in the Massachusetts army be, and they are hereby directed immediately to 
inform the committee appointed by Congress to examine the surgeons of 
said army, whom they recommend for surgeons and surgeons' mates'of their 
respective regiments, and send them to said committee for examination 
without delay except such as have been examined. This was sent to 
General Ward. 

'^ June 19, 1775. The Committee of Safety of Mass. Resolved, That the 
hou.se of the Rev. Samuel Cook, of Menotomy, be improved as a hospital 
for the colony array, and that Mr. William Eugtis be, and is hereby ap- 
pointed to the care of the sick and wounded in said hospital till the further 
order of this committee. Ordered, That Dr. Isaac Foster be, and hereby 
is directed to take up and improve as hospital, so many houses in Menotomy 
as he may find necessary for the safety of the sick and wounded of the 



22 MEDICAL MEN 

Ou the 22(1 of June, the Provincial Congress appointed 
Dr. Francis Ivittredge to attend the hospital until further 
order of Congress, and instructed the colonels to nominate 
suitahle persons to act as surgeons to the regiments.' 

An hospital was also directed to be provided for the camp 
at E,oxbury,and a committee appointed to carry the measure 
into effect.^ 

Contagious diseases, the pest of armies, had actually begun 
to be an additional source of anxiety, and provision was 
therefore made to treat in a separate hospital soldiers attacked 
with smallpox.^ 

Colony army, and that he employ such person or persons as may be neces- 
sary to carry such provisions and other necessaries as may be wanted for 
the further use of the aforesaid sick and wounded ; and that further he take 
such precautions, respecting the smallpox hospital, as may be necessary 
for the prevention of the spreading of that epidemical disorder in the camp 
or elsewhere. 

' Ordered, That Doct. Francis Kittredge be desired to attend the hospital 
as a surgeon till the further order of Congress ; and that Mr. Kendall be 
desired to inform Dr. Kittredge of his appointment. Ordered, That the 
colonels in the several regiments in the Massachusetts army be directed to 
recommend immediately suitable persons for surgeons, and surgeons' mates. 

2 June 22, The Prov. Congress of Massachusetts ''Ordered, Tliat a hos- 
pital be provided for the camp at Roxbury. and that Col. Davis, Dr. Taylor, 
and Dr. Whiting, be a committee to provide one accordingly, and supply 
the same. June 23, the committee appointed to provide a hospital for the 
camp at Roxbury, reported as follows : " 'J'hat they have appointed the house 
belonging to Joshua Loring in said Roxbury, for a hospital, and for the use of 
said camp." The report was accepted. Journ. Prov. Cong, of Massachu- 
ftetts, 375, 378, The experiences of the war amply demonstrate the great 
importance of good hygienic and sanitary provisions for the ti'oops. We 
observe that Massachusetts from the commencement of hostilities enjoined 
vigilance in this regard on the part of her medical officers, and military com- 
manders. Her Council of Safety, as well as public sentiment, cooperated 
to preserve the health, and make her soldiers efficient. 

" June 27, Prov. Congress of Massachusetts " Ordered, That the committee 
appointed to provide hospitals for the army, be directed to provide another 
hospital, to be appropriated solely for such of the^army as may be taken 
with the smallpox, and to consider what measures can be taken to prevent 
the spreading of that distemi)er ; and that Dr. Rand and Dr. Foster be 
added to the committee." Voted, by the same body, June 24, That there 
shall be two surgeons and two mates appointed for each hospital, and com- 
missioned accordingly. " Ordered, That the committee appointed to examine 
the surgeons, be desired to report an establishment for the surgeons of 



OF THE REVOLUTION. 23 

The form of a warrant or commission to be issued to sur- 
geons of the arni}^ and the hospital department, was adopted 
by the Provincial Congress of Mass., on the 28th of June, 
1875. The same form was, with a variation as to character 
of service, used for surgeons' mates, who were also ranked 
amonp; the commissioned officers.^ 

On the first of July, the Congress of Massachusetts directed 
a committee of three, Dr. Taylor chairman, to report how 
the sick and wounded should be removed to the hospitals, 
and on the 3d of July a committee was appointed to prepare 
a letter to Gen. Washington, who had just assumed the* com- 
mand of the army, and inform him what provisions had 
been made for the sick and wounded.^ 

hospitals." This coniniittee reported as follows: "That it is their opinion, 
that the establishment of the chief surgeons should be at the rate of eight 
pounds per month, and each mate, four pounds ten shillings per month." 
[Journ. Prov. Gong, of Massachusetts, p. 383-4.) 

' June 28, 1775. Adopted the following form for the warrant of a surgeon. 
" The Congress of the Massachusetts Bay to A. B. Greeting. Being in- 
formed of your skill in surgery, and reposing especial trust and confidence 
in your ability and good conduct, we do, by these presents, constitute and 
appoint you, the said A. B., to be surgeon of the regiment of foot, whereof 

is Colonel, raised by the Congress aforesaid, for the defence of said 

Colony. You are, therefore, carefully and diligently to discharge the duty 
of a surgeon to the said regiment ; in all things appertaining thereunto ; ob- 
serving such orders and instruction as you shall from time to time receive 
from the Colonel of said regiment, according to military rules and discipline 
established by said Congress ; or any of your superior officers, for which this 
shall be your sufficient warrant. By order of the Congress." [Journ. Prov. 
Cong, of Massachusetts, p. 415.) 

2 Provincial Congress of Massachusetts, July 1,,1775. "The committee 
appointed to devise means for the better accommodation of the sick and 
wounded of the army reported. The report was read, and is as follows, viz. : ' 
In order that all the sick and wounded be provided for and taken care of, in 
the best way and manner possible, Resolved, and it is hereby Ordered, 
'J'Kgt when any person in the army is so ill, either by a wound or otherwise, 
that the surgeon of said regiment to which the sick or wounded man belongs, 
finds the sick or wounded as aforesaid cannot be properly taken care of in 
the regiment to which he belongs, the said surgeon shall send the sick or 
wounded as above said, to the hospital provided for the use of the camps to 
which they belong, and a certificate of the names named and the company 
and roginient to which he belongs ; and in that case the surgeon of said hos- 
pital shall receive said wounded or sick under his care, and in case said hos- 



24 MEDICAL MEN 

On the 4th of July a list of surgeons and surgeons' mates 
who had up to this time been examined and approved by 
the committee was reported to the Provincial Congress of 
Massachusetts, and warrants ordered to be made out for 
them.^ 

pital shall become too full, in that case the surgeon of said hospital shall 
send such of his patients as may be with safety removed, to the hospital in 
Watertown, and a certificate setting forth the man's name, what company 
and regiment each belongs to, and in that case the surgeon of the Water- 
town h.ospital shall receive said sick and wounded under his care. [Journ. 
Prov. Cong, of Massachusetts, p. 437.) July 1st, 1775, an address of wel- 
come was prepared by the Prov. Congress of Mass. and presented to his 
Excellency Gen. George Washington, and another to Maj. Gen. Charles 
Lee. (See Journ. Prov. Cong, of Massachusetts, p. 438-440.) The com- 
mittee also reported the following letter, July 5, 1775. "To his Excellency, 
Gen. Washington. The Congress ordered the enclosed resolutions (relating 
to the present condition and proposed improvement of the hospitals) to be 
prepared and sent to Generals Ward and Thomas ; but by the agreeable 
event of your Excellency's appointment to the chief command of the Ame- 
rican army, and arrival at camp, the propriety of that step ceases. We 
mean not to dictate to your Hxcellency, but presume, that to secure the 
health of the army, and (to afford) relief for the sick, will naturally engage 
your attention. Everything in the power of this Congress (to do) to enable 
you to discharge with ease the duties of your exalted and important station, 
will be by us attended to with the greatest alacrity. If the enclosed reso- 
lution has that tendency, we attain the end intended by transmitting to 
you the same, and with respect your PLxcellency's most humble servants." 
[Journ. Prov. Cong, of Mass., p. 455.) 

' July 4, 1775. A list of surgeons and surgeons' mates to whom warrants 
were directed to be issued, and bearing the date of 28th of June, 1775, 
from Journ. Prov. Cong, of Massachusetts, p. 449. Dr. David Jones, sur- 
geon ; Samuel Blanchard, mate in Col. Gereish's regiment ; Aaron Putnam, 
mate in Col. Frye's regiment; Joseph Hunt, mate to Dr. Joseph Foster, in 
Cambridge Hospital ; Jacob Bacon, mate in Col. Scammon's regiment : 
Harris Clary Fridges, mate; Edward Durant, surgeon. Col. Mansfield's 
regiment; Josiah Harvey, mate, Col. Fellow's regiment ; Abraham Watson, 
Jr., surgeon; Wm. Vinal, mate. Col. Gardner'sj'egiment; Dr. John Georges, 
mate, Gen. Heath's regiment; Dr. Isaac Spofford, surgeon. Col. Nixon's 
regiment; Dr. John Crooker, surgeon in Col. "cammon's regiment; Dr. 
Waiter Hastings, surgeon in Col. Bridges' regiment; Dr. Timothy Child, 
surgeon in Col. Patterson's regiment; Dr. Levi Willard, surgeon in Col. 
Reed's regiment ; Dr. Daniel Parker, surgeon in Col. Walker's regiment ; 
and Dr. Thomas Kittridge. surgeon in Col. Fry's regiment. Thereupon 
ordered that warrants be made out for them agreeably thereto." 



OF THE REVOLUTION. 25 

We find that thirty-one medical men rendered service in 
the Battle of Bunker's Hill.' Most of them were at the 

' Brief sketches of the lives of the Colonial Surgeons who were at the 
Battle of Bunker Hill are here given in alphabetical order. 

Dr. Elijah Adams was born in Pomfret, now Brooklyn, Connecticut, Feb. 
17,1754. In May, 1775, he was appointed mate in Col. Israel Putnam's 
regiment, which he joined at Cambridge, Mass., and in this capacity he 
was in the Battle of Bunker's Hill, where some thirty of the regiment were 
wounded. About the last of June, or early in July, 1775, Dr. John Morgan, 
of Philadelphia, arrived, and took charge of the hospital as Director General. 
Dr. Adams was discharged in January, 1776. In the spring of 1776 he 
removed to Worthington, Hampshire Co., Mass., and there pursued his pro- 
fession until the evacuation of Fort Ticonderoga by Gen. Arthur St. Clair. 
In July, 1777, when a call was made for troops to oppose the progress of Gen. 
Burgoyne, he volunteered as surgeon to the regiment commanded by Major 
Clapp. He was discharged with the regiment on parole in September of the 
same year. He practised his profession at Worthington, until 1786, when 
he removed to North East, afterwards Pine Plains, Dutchess Co., N. Y. 

Dr. Jacob Bacon was present at the Battle of Bunker's Hill as a mate in 
James Scanimon's regiment, of which John Crooker was surgeon. [Froth- 
tngham's Siege of Boston. Amer. Arch., 4th ser., vol. ii. p. 1481.) 

Dr. Samuel Blanchard was commissioned by the Massachusetts Provincial 
Congress, July 5, 1775, as surgeon's mate to Dr. Jones in Col. Gerrish's 
regiment. He was present, however, as a Minute Man at the Battle of 
Bunker Hill. [Amer. Arch., 4th ser., vol. ii. p. 1481.) 

Dr. James Brickett was a physician, but served in this engagement as 
Lieut -Col. in James Frye's regiment (commissioned May 27, 1775), was 
wounded early in the action, and with other surgeons repaired to the north 
side of the hill and remained in attendance upon the wounded. He was 
also commissioned by the Provincial Congress of Massachusetts a surgeon. 
[Siege of Boston, p. 176.) 

John Brooks, M.D., LL.D., b. Medford, Mass., May 31, 1752, d. March 1, 
1825. He rec'd a common school education, and at the age of 14 was 
apprenticed for seven years to Dr. Simon Tufts, of Beading, to be inducted 
into the art and mystery of the medical science. He settled to practice in ■ 
Reading, Mass., where from his fondness for the military service he was 
chosen captain of a militia company, which he called out on the memorable 
19th of April, and did good service. He was appointed May 27, 1775, 
Major in Ebenezer Bridges' Eeg't, and was active in entrenching Breed's 
Hill on the night preceding the engagement, known as " the Battle of 
Bunker Hill." 

On the reorganization of the army in 1776, he was made Colonel of Chas. 
Webb's reg't, and assisted in fortifying Dorchester Height. He was a 
vigilant officer, a good disciplinarian, and his command was distinguished 
for good service and gallant conduct throughout the war. In 1777 he was 



26 MEDICAL MEN 

time or soon after became surgeons or surgeons' mates. A 

appointed Lieut. Col. of the 8tli Mass. regt., and on the death of Col. Allen 
was promoted to the colonelcy. He was in active duty, and performed a 
most creditable service to the cause of American liberty, and to Gen. 
Washington. 

After peace was declared, he resumed practice at Medford, Mass., and was 
for many years maj.-general of the militia, and served in the legislature of 
his State. He was a delegate to the convention for adopting the Federal 
Constitution, which he zealously advocated. He was appointed marshall 
of the district, and subsequently, inspector of the revenue by President 
Washington, was elected to the State Senate, and during the war of 1812 
was adjutant-general of the State of Mass. In 181G, he received from Har- 
vard Univ. the honorary degree of M.D., LL.D. 

In 1817, he was President of the Mass. Med. Soc. and for a number of 
years after. He was also President of the Soc. of the Cincinnati of Mass. 
His life as a physician and a citizen shed lustre upon his State and the 
nation. 

Dr. John Crocker was commissioned July 5, 1775, by the Massachusetts 
Provincial Congress, surgeon in Col. Scammel's regiment. {Amer. Ar- 
chives, 4th ser., vol. ii. p. 1481.) 

Dr. William Dexter. Born April 17, 1755. Studied medicine with Dr. 
Edward Flint of Shrewsbury, Mass., and was mate to him in the service. 
He appears to have also been a ''minute man," and was at the fight at Con- 
cord and Lexington, April 19, 1775; he immediately after joined Col. Ward's 
regiment, in which he was appointed mate, June, 1775 ; in this capacity he 
was in the Battle of Bunker's Hill; continued in the medical department 
during the war. At the time of his marriage, Feb. 17, 1775, to Elizabeth or 
Betsey Bouker of Shrewsbury, he was living at Marlboro. He died Dec. 4, 
1785. He had four children, Eleanor, Lydia, Sally, and William. (MS. in 
Dr. Toner's Library.) 

Dr. Eliphalet Downer was a resident of Roxbury, Mass., in 1794-5. In 
1777 he was appointed surgeon to the cutter " Dolphin." but the roll does 
not show how long he served. In Sept. 1777, his name appears on the roll 
of the brig " Lexington," as a passenger, when she had an engagement 
with the British cutter " Alert," in the English Channel. In this action he 
was wounded in the left arm, impairing its strength and usefulness. He 
was present as surgeon with the Colonial troops who were sent to prosecute 
the work at Lechmere's Point, Dec. 18, 1775. By a resolve of the Massa- 
chusetts Council, Oct. 23, 1776, he was reimbursed, among others, not 
physicians, for losses sustained at the battles of Lexington and Bunker's 
Hill. [Amer. Archives, 5th ser., vol. iii. p. 408. Heath's Memoirs, p. 32. 
MS. in Dr. Toner's library.) 

Dr. Edward Durant was commissioned by the Massachusetts Provincial 
Congress, July 5, 1775, surgeon in Col. Mansfield's regiment. {Amer. 
Arch., 4th ser., vol. ii. p. 1481.) 

Dr. William Eustis was born at Cambridge, July 10, 1753, subsequently 



OF THE REVOLUTION. 27 

few of the physicians named served in tins engagement as 

Governor oF Massacluisotts, died in Boston, Feb. G, 1825, aged 71. After 
graduating at Harvard (1772) he studied physic with Dr. Joseph Warren; 
at the beginning of the war he was appointed surgeon of a regiment, and 
afterwards hospital surgeon in 1777. During a part of the war he occupied 
as a hospital the spacious house of Col. Robinson, a Royalist, on the east 
side of the Hudson, opposite West Point. Arnold for a time had his head- 
quarters at the same house. At the termination of the war he commenced 
the practice of his profession in Boston. In 1808 he was elected to Con- 
gress. By Mr. INladison, he was appointed Secretary of War, and held that 
office until Hull's surrender, when he resigned. In 1815 he was sent as 
ambassador to Holland. After his return he was again a member of Con- 
gress for four successive sessions. He was chosen governor in 1823. [Allen's 
Biog., pp. 343-344. Frothingham's Siege of Boston, p. 94.) 

Dr. Isaac Foster was a member of the Pro v. Congress of Mass., and 
is mentioned as being among the number of citizens from Middlesex who 
petitioned Congress to begin the war of the Revolution. He was a native 
of Charlestown ; was attached to the hospital at Cambridge. He and Lieut. 
Col. Hand, M.D., the latter at the time a surgeon in the 18th regiment. 
were competitors of Dr. John Morgan for the position of Director-General 
of the army, made vacant by the downfall of Dr. Church. Dr. F. was ap- 
pointed by Congress, April 19, 1777, to be deputy Director-General of the 
hospital in the eastern department. {Amer. A')'ch., 4th ser., vol. i. p. 750, 
Broivfi's Med. Depf. of U. S. A., p. 10. Frofhingham's Siege of Boston. 
Journ. of Cong., vol. ii. p. 87.) 

Dr. Harris Clary Fridges was commissioned by the Massachusetts Prov. 
Cong, surgeon's mate, in Col. John Mansfield's regiment, July 5, 1775. 
{Amer. Aj-ch., 4th ser., vol. ii. p. 1481.) 

Dr. Ezra Green, born in Maiden, Mass., graduated at Harvard in 1775, 
died in Dover, N. H., July 25. 1847, aged 101 years and one month. He 
joined the army of the Revolution as surgeon to James Green's regiment. 
Was also a surgeon in the "Ranger," commanded by Paul Jones, continuing 
in the navy until 1781. He was afterwards a merchant in Dover, and a 
member of the convention for adopting the Constitution of the U. S. After 
passing the age of 80, he assisted in forming a Unitarian Society. Up to 
his death he was in full possession of his faculties. [Allen's Biog., 
Frothingham's Siege of Boston, pp. 175 and 187.) 

Dr. John Hart was born at Ipswich, in 1752, was the son of John Hart, a 
lawyer and also a noted physician. He joined Prescott's regiment at the 
beginning of the war, and served until its close, was a surgeon of the 2d 
Mass. Regiment. He settled at Reading in 1782. He was for years in the 
Senate, and was an estimable, venerable man, a true patriot, and a good 
Christian. When chosen to pul)lic office, instead of making a treat as was 
the custom, he gave money to the amount usually expended on such occa- 



28 MEDICAL IMKX 

connnaiuling ofHcers, and a few as inimito men in the rank^;. 

sions to buy books l\)r schools, llo (HimI nt llcadiiii;-, A]>ril 27, 1S"J(), a^-od 
84. {Fr(tt}i/)ni]i(ivi's S/c(je of Boslaii, p. \\)i. Allen's Biu<jr(i]>li_i/, pp. 
317-318.) 

Dr. Walter Hastings was (■oniinissioiu'tl l>y the Mass. Prov. Con-;-.. July 
5, 1775, as a surgeon, and j)robably served until the close of the war. He 
was a surgeon In Col. Bridge's regiment, and became entitled to half pay 
for his services. {Amcr. Arch., 4th series, vol. iv. p. ()4(). Records of Rev. 
War, p. 422. Froth ingham's Siajc of Jiosfon. ]). 175-187.) 

Dr. Martin Derrick was born and rcsick'd in Iveadiiig, Mass. He entered 
the service early, as he was at the battle of Hunker Hill as a soldier. His 
first appointment as mate was ])robably March, ]77(), in the Mass. 7th 
Regt., Col. Daniel Hitchcock, with whom he continued until the end of the 
year. He was again in the service from Aug. to Dec. 18, 1777. In 1778 
he was appointed surgeon to the armed vessel "Tyrannicide" in 1781 ; he 
was captured and taken to Halifax where he was detained three months, at 
the end of which time he was released. While in the army he was at one 
time assistant to Dr. Brooks; he was ])resent at the battles and retreat at 
Long Island, Brandywine, and Germantown. lie was married at Reading, 
March 25, 1789, to Sarah Wright, who died in Portland, Me., July 23, 1843. 
ajt. 80. He died at Reading, July 25, 1820, tct. 74. (MS. in Dr. Toner's 
Library.) 

Dr. Isaac Hurd was born in Charleston, Mass., July 27, 175(1. He studied 
medicine with Dr. Oliver Prescott, a very skilful and eminent physician, and 
at that time a member of the Executive Council of Mass. In June, 1777. 
having completed his studies, he was informed by Dr. Prescott that he had 
been appointed surgeon in the Mass. militia. He repaired to Boston on the 
first Monday in July, where ho met ('ol. Robinson and other oflicers of the 
regiment. 'I'hey soon de))artcd for Providence. R. 1., and reported to (Jen. 
Spencer, he was ordered to report to the Surgeon of the General Hospital 
in that ])hue, and from thence he was sent to Quidnessett Point, tlience to 
Point Judith, where some British vessels were M'recked on the beach. After 
attending to the sick and injured prisoners, he returned to Quidnessett 
Point. He was present at the Battle of Bunker Hill. At the end of six- 
months he retired fn)m the service, and located in Hillerica, from thence he 
removed to and continued to reside in Concord in the practice of his pro- 
fession. He was alive in 1843, xt. 87. (MS. in Dr. 'I'oner's Library.) 

Dr. David Jones died at North Yarmouth, Mass., March 27, 1822. At 
the battle of Bunker Hill he was surgeon in Col. derrick's regiment, and 
rendered services in the hospital department under Joseph Warren after the 
battle of Lexington. Was appointed surgeon in the Mass. 2(Uh regiment, 
Jan. 1, 177(), and reappointed at the end of nine months to continue twelve 
months longer. A portion of the time in and around New York City. At 
the date of his marriage, June 17, 1778, to KHz. llobart, both were living 
in Abingdon, Mass.. but removed to North Varnn>utli. From about 1W22 



OF THE UKVOLUTION. 29 

Tlio j)liys'u.'i;iMs who were in this nieinonihle huttlo are nil 

lie was afllicU'd with rlnMimatism so as to require the use of crutches, and 
two or three years precediiifi' his decease he was unable to move himself. 
His widow died at North Yarmouth, July (5, lSi:{. a<>ed 82. He was placed 
upon the pension rolls, Dec. 21, iHll), while residing in Cumberland ('ounly, 
.Maine, and was dropped under Act of May 1, 1820. ( U. S. PensiAm Rolls, 
vol. i. )). 2;{. Maine Recjl., Frolliin<j}tant,'s- Siege of Boston, p. 178. MS. 
in Dr. 'I'oner's Library ) 

l)r. Thomas Kittredgo, M.S.R., was born at Andover, July, 174G, received 
his educution at Dummer Academy, in JJyfield, and studied his profession 
with l>r. Sawyer, a distinguished j)hysician, at Newburyport. lie was an 
eminiMit practitioner, and extensively employed throughout the State of 
Massachusetts, lie was surgeon in Uol. Frye's regiment. (Commission(>d 
May 20, 1775.) During life the doctor filled numy municipal and other 
offices of trust ; he was often member of the Legislature, and was tliere 
useful to the medical society, by exerting his (>.\lensive influence in its favor. 
II is practice as a physician was very large, but he was most distinguished 
as a surgeon. He was remarkable for his |)owers of diagnosis. He died 
of angina pectoris, Oct. 1818. {Thacher's Biog., p. 'Ml. Frolhingharn's 
Siege of Bos/on, p. 175-187.) 

Dr. Aaron Putnam was commissioned by the Mass. Prov. (-ong., .Julv .5, 
1775, as a surgeon's mate in ('ol. James Frye's regiment, 'i'he returns for 
Jan. 1, 177(i, show that he was a surgeon's mate of Col. 1j. Baldwin's 2()th 
regt. of foot. {AintT. Arch.. Ith series, vol. ii. p. 1481, and vol. iv. p. 046.) 

Dr. David Shepard was at the "Lexington alarm," April 1!), 1775. He 
was calh'il from Chester, Mass., as captain of a company, and went to 
Boston April 28, 1775, was appointed surgeon in Col. Danieison's regiment, 
and was in the battle of Hunker Hill. He remained in this regiment until 
Dec. ;U, 1775. In 1777, at the time; of Burgoyne's invasion, he went to 
Bennington, Vt., under Tiieut. Col. Robinson in the :{d regt., and was in the 
battle at that place, lie was the son of John and Klizabeth Shepard, of 
Westfield, Mass. lit; nuirricd, Dec. ;5, 1707, Margaret, daughter of l<]zra 
Clapp, of that town. (MS. in Toner Library.) 

Dr. Isaac Spoilbrd was commissioned, July 5, 1775, by the Mass. Prov. 
t'ong., as a surgeon in Col. Nixon's regiment, and was in this capacity 
present at Bunker Mill. {Amer. Arch., 4th series, vol. ii., 1181.) 

Dr. Samuel Tenney was surgcion in Col. Israel Angell's regiment, Rhode 
Island Continental Troops, in 1770. [Rec.of War, p. 154.) He was born 
at Hylield, Mass., received a collegiate education at Harvard, and studied 
medicine. He served during the whole war, and at the close retired from 
his i)rofession and settled at Exeter, N. H. For many years he was Judge 
of Probate, and in 1800 was elected to Congress. lie died in 1810. (MS. in 
Toner Library.) 

Dr. Samuel Temuw '*^ mentioniMl amongst others wh ) petitioned Oen. 
Washington in regard to certain grievances, also as having given evidence 



30 



MEDICAL MEN 



worthy of being mentioned, 
alphabetical order. 



Their names are o-iven here in 



Adams, Elijah 
Bacon, Jacob 
Blanchard, Samuel 
Brickett, .James 
Brooks, Jno. 
Crooker, Jno. 
Dexter, William 
Downer, Eliphalet 
Durant, Edward 
Eustis, William 



Foster, Isaac 
Fridges, Harris Clary 
Green, Ezra 
Hart, John 
Hastings, Walter 
Herrick, Martin 
Hurd, Isaac 
Jones, David 
Kittredge, Thomas 
Putnam, Aaron 
Shepard, David 



Spoiford, Isaac 
Tenney, Samuel 
Townsend, David 
Vinal, William 
AVarren, John 
Warren, Joseph 
Watson, Abraham 
Welsh, Thomas 
Williams, Obediah 
Willard, Levi. 



before a court of inquiry into the conduct of Captain E. Hamlen. Samuel 
Tenney was paid £6 7s. 6d. on settling the accounts of his State's Con- 
tinental Battalion (Dec. 1783). {Amer. Arch., 5th ser., vol. i. p. 69.5, and 
vol. iii. p. 1494. R. /.'s Ool. Rec. 1780-83, p. 734 and p. 746.) 

Dr. David Townsend was a respectable physician of Boston, a member of 
the Mass. Medical Society. He was for many years and up to the time of 
his death physician,-in-charge of the Marine Hospital of Mass. He died in 
April 13. 1829, aged 76. He published a 4th of July oration 1810 ; address 
to charitable fire society. {Allen's Biography, and Frothingham's Siege 
of Boston, p. 194.) 

Dr. William Vinal was commissioned July .5, 1775, by the Mass. Prov. 
Congress, as surgeon's mate in Col. Gardner's regiment ; in this capacity 
he was present at Bunker's Hill. He is also mentioned at a subsequent 
note as surgeon's mate in the 25th regiment of foot. {Amer. Arch., 4th 
ser.. vol. ii., p. 148, and vol. iv., 646.) 

Dr. John Warren was born in Pvoxbury, Mass., July 27, 1753, and 
graduated at Harvard University in 1771. His ancestors came to Boston 
in 1720. He studied medicine with his brother Gen. Joseph Warren, and 
located in Salem, where he commanded a good practice. On the day of the 
battle of Bunker's Hill, his anxiety in regard to his brother prompted him 
to the field of battle, and in attempting to pass a sentry, he received a 
bayonet wound, the scar of which he bore through life. He was in atten- 
dance on the wounded after that battle, and was immediately appointed 
hospital surgeon. He accompanied the army to N. Y. and N. J. in 1776, 
and administered to the wounded at Trenton and Princeton, remained in 
the service till the close of the war, and was superintending surgeon of 
the military hospitals in Boston. In 1780 he g"ve a course of anatomical 
lectures and dissections to his students and the physicians of his acquaint- 
ance, and became Professor of Anatomy and Surgery in the newly established 
Medical School at Cambridge in 1783, organized through his influence. He 
was President of the Mass. Medical Society from 1804 and till his death. 



OF THE REVOLUTION. 31 

Gen. Joseph Warren, the most eminent of tlie list, was 
killed, and Lieut. Col. James Brickett wounded. Dr. Benj. 
Church would no douht have participated in the engagement, 
but he was absent, having been sent in May by the Prov. 
Congress of Massachusetts, of which he was a member, as a 
confidential agent to Philadelphia, to consult the Continental 
Congress, convened in that city, relative to such matters as 

and was also President of the Agric. and Humane Societies. He was for 
nearly forty years one of the most eminent surgeons in New England. An 
instance of the energy of his character is manifested by his preparing a 
course of lectures on anatomy with but few books, without an instructor, 
and without a model. He delivered several public addresses, and in 1783 
began the series of 4th of July orations at Boston, ever since continued. In 
1777 he married the daughter of Gov. Collins, of R. I. He died in Boston, 
April 4th, 1815. He published " A Dissertation on the Mercurial Practice 
in Febrile Diseases ;" an address to the lodges of Free Masons, of which he 
was Grand Master ; and contributed many articles to the Journal of Medicine 
and Surgery, the " memoirs" of the Amer. Acad., and the communications 
of the Mass. Med. Society. {Dr. Ediuard Warren's Life of John Warren.) 

Dr. Joseph Warren. This eminent physician was naturally a leader, and 
in the front rank of all movements for opposing British aggression, and de- 
fending the rights of the colonies. His biography has so often been written, 
that it is familiar to every house in the land. He was born at Roxbury, 
near Boston. Graduated at Harvard in 1759. Selecting medicine as his 
profession, he soon rose to eminence. Love of country was a predominant 
trait in his character, possessing also many of the qualities of the statesman 
and leader. He was twice selected as orator to commemorate the Boston 
Massacre. He was a member of the Prov. Congress of Massachusetts, and 
the Council of Safety. His timely information prevented the capture of 
the Colonial supplies at Concord and Lexington. In the council of war he 
opposed, on account of the want of supplies, the fortifying of Bunker's Hill, 
which led to the battle in which he was killed, aged 85. No name, except 
that of Washington, is more cherished or will longer be retained in the 
hearts of the American people than that of Dr. Warren. 

Dr. Abraham Watson was commissioned July 5, 1775, by the Prov. Con- 
gress as surgeon in Col. Gardner's regiment. [Amtr. Arch., 4th ser., vol. ii. 
p. 481.) 

Dr. Thomas Welsh was one of the physicians in attendance on the wounded 
after the battle of Bunker's Hill. [Frothingham' s Siege of Boston, p. 194.) 

Dr. Obediah Williams rendered professional aid to the wounded in this 
battle as surgeon in Col. John Stark's regiment. {Totmr's Annals, p. 93.) 

Dr. Levi Willard was commissioned July 5th, 1775, by the Mass. Prov. 
Cong., as surgeon of Col. Reed's regiment. {Amer. Arch., 4th ser., vol. ii. 
p. 1481.) 

/ 



32 ! MEDICAL MEN 

were necessaiy for the defence of the colony, and particularly 
the state of the army. 

On the 7th July, Dr. Isaac Foster was commissioned sur- 
geon of the hospital at Cambridge, and Dr. Isaac Rand as 
surgeon at the hospital at Roxbury. [Joiirn. Prov. Cong, of 
JIass., p. 464.) 

The habit of naming militarj'" hospitals after popular 
generals obtained then as during the late war.^ 

Misunderstandings about rank among the officers early 
showed themselves in difterent parts of the army, chiefly on 
account of the want of system or precision in the regula- 
tions.^ This was particularly true of the medical depart- 
ment, where they soon grew to be a source of much discon- 
tent, and even recrimination. For some reason the rank of 
hospital surgeon was at first esteemed higher than that of 
regimental surgeon, which order the latter desired to reverse. 
(See Letter of Dr. John Warren to Dr. John Morgan, Life 
of John Warren, M.D., p. 98.) The Committee of Safety of 
the Colony of Massachusetts, it seems, made military appoint- 
ments as well as the Prov. Congress, as this body commis- 

' John Warren, in a letter bearing the date of Oct. 1775, to John Hancock, 
says : "There are four houses here appropriated to the purpose of receiving 
the sick and wounded in Cambridge, by the names of the Washington, Put- 
nam, Lee, and Convalescent Hospitals, all of which contain at present about 
350 patients, being all of the sick of the army in Cambridge, excepting such 
as are slightly, as to be attended with convenience in camp. 'J'he number 
is rather upon the decrease, and but a small number have hitherto died. 
Three houses are improved for the same purpose at Roxbury ; the number 
of sick and wounded I cannot ascertain." {Edward Warren's Life of John 
Warren, 31. D., p. 56.) 

^ Dr. John Warren wrote in October to the Hon. John Hancock, Presi- 
dent of Congress, chiefly upon matters relating to the medical department 
of the army, and says : " We cannot obtain information whether the ap- 
pointments are to receive the sanction of Coilgress, or whether the Director 
was invested with the discretionary power to make them, without a neces- 
sity of their being ratified by any other authority. The only person here 
from whom we could expect an answer to our queries is secluded from the 
whole world, and no person is admitted to an interview with him" — [allud- 
ing, no doubt, to Dr. Church]. [Edward Warren's Life of Dr. John War- 
ren, p. 56.) 



OF THE REVOLUTION. 66 

sioned Dr. John Warren, July 27, 1775, chief surgeon to the 
hospital at Watertown ^ 

Experience had already demonstrated the need of a sur- 
geon-in-chief, as a general head to the medical department. 
The Provincial Congress of Massachusetts had already dis- 
cussed the matter, and was about to elect one for the troops 
of the colony of Mass., when General Washington arrived at 
Boston, on the 2d of July, 1775, to whom, with great deli- 
cacy, they referred the whole subject. The General, on 
taking command, July 3d, made an inspection of the fortifi- 
cations and camps, and shortly after of the hospitals. The 
condition of the latter he made the subject of a special 
letter to the Congress.^ 

Although Congress had on the 15th June, 1775, accepted 

' July 27, The Committee of Safety, Watertown. " Whereas this Com- 
mittee find the public hospital in this town has been much neglected, to the 
great injury of the patients in said hospital, occasioned by the want of some 
suitable persons being placed there as surgeons, therefore Resolved, That 
Dr. John Warren be and hereby is appointed to the oversight of said hos- 
pital, and that he take proper care of such provisions being made as may 
be necessary for the comfortable support of the patients in said hospital, 
until further orders." {Journ. Prov. Gong. Mass., p. 578.) 

April 29, 1775, Voted, " That Dr. Isaac Foster be directed and empowered 
to remove all the sick and wounded, whose circumstances will permit of it. 
into the hospital, and to supply proper beds and bedding, clothing, victuals, 
and furniture, with every other article he shall judge proper for said hos- 
pital, and that this be a sufficient order for him to draw on the commissary 
for such articles as he can supply, and to draw upon the commissary for the 
payment of whatever expenses are necessary for procuring the above-men- 
tioned articles." [Journ. of Prov. Cong. Mass., p. 527.) 

2 " I have made inquiry into the establishment of the hospital, and find it 
in a very unsettled condition. There is no principal director, or any subordi- 
nation among the surgeons ; of consequence, disputes and contention have 
arisen, and must continue until it is reduced to some system. I could wish 
it were immediately taken into consideration, as the lives and health of both 
officers and men so much depend upon due regulation of this department. I 
have been particularly attentive to the least symptoms of the smallpox ; and 
hitherto we have been so fortunate as to have every person removed so soon 
as not only to prevent any communication, but any alarm or apprehension 
it might give in the camp. We shall continue the utmost vigilance against 
this most dangerous enemy." 

(AVashington, from Camp Caml)ridge, July 21, 1775. Amer. Arch., 4th 
ser., vol. ii. p. 1706.) 
3 



34 MEDICAL MEN 

the Colonial armies then in the field as continental, and chose 
a general-in-chief to command all the forces raised or to be 
raised, and provided for the appointment of generals and 
staff-officers, yet no provision was made for the hospital 
department. The first legislation by Congress touching 
the "Medical Department," then denominated "hospital" 
service, was had on the 19th of July, 1775, which created 
a committee of three to report on a method of establishing 
an hospital.' 

On the 27th July a report was made to the Continental 
Congress on the subject, which was adopted ; this act gave 
authority and some system to the management of the medical 
department. It was designed for an army of only 20,000, 
but, as experience proved, the law was not well digested, nor 
adapted in all its provisions for the best interests of a volun- 
teer force.^ Although this act gave titles, it bestowed no 
military rank. 

' Mr. Lewis of New York, Mr. Paine of Massacliusetts, and Mr. Middle- 
ton of South Carolina, were the committee. [Journ. of Cong., July 19, 
1775.) 

2 Journal of Congress, July 27, 1775. Report of committee for establish- 
ing a hospital for the army. " That for the establishment of an hospital for 
an army consisting of 20,000 men, the fo^owing officers and other attendants 
be appointed, with the following allowance or pay, viz. : One director-general 
and chief physician, his pay, per day, four dollars. Four surgeons, each 
ditto, one and one-third of a dollar. One apothecary, ditto, one and one- 
third of a dollar. Twenty surgeons' mates, each ditto, two-thirds of a dollar. 
One clerk, ditto, two-thirds of a dollar. Two storekeepers, each four dollars 
per month. One nurse to every ten sick, one-fifteenth of a dollar per day, or 
two dollars per month. Labors occasionally. 

" The duty of the above officers : The director to furnish medicines, bed- 
ding, and all other necessaries, to pay for the same, superintend the whole, 
and make his report to, and receive oi'ders from the commander-in-chief. 

" Surgeons, apothecary, and mates to visit and attend the sick, and mates 
to obey the orders of the physicians, surgeons, and apothecary. Matron to 
superintend the nurses and bedding, etc. Nurses to attend the sick, and 
obey the matron's orders. Clerk to keep accounts for the director and store- 
keepers. Storekeeper to receive and deliver the bedding and other neces- 
saries by order of the director. T\\q congress then proceeded to the elec- 
tion of officers for the hospital, when Benj. Church was unanimously elected 
to be director thereof and physician in the hospital. Resolved : That the 
appointment of the four surgeons and the apothecary be left to Dr. B. 
Church. 'I'hat the mates be appointed by the surgeons ; tliat the number of 



OF THE REVOLUTION. 35 

The same day, " Dr. Benjamin Church was unanimously 
elected director of and physician in the hospitah" This 
appointment gave a head to the department, which hitherto 
had no unity of action or continental authority. Dr. Joseph 
Warren could have had the position, but, as it was understood 
that he preferred the more arduous duties of the field, the 
commission of major-general in the army was given to him. 
Dr. Church was a man of education, fine address, and skill 
in his profession. From an early stage of the movements 
which led the colonists to independence, he was an ardent 
and able patriot. His name should be mentioned as, per- 
haps, fourth in point of influence among the leading men 
of Massachusetts, and would have been held in high esteem 
by his compatriots and by succeeding ages but for his own 
indiscretion. His administration of the medical depart- 
ment during the few months that he held,the position was 
not, however, marked by harmonious or successful manage- 
ment. Misunderstandings with the regimental surgeons 
led to frequent complaints rather than to improvement of 
the medical department of the service.^ To a complete un- 

raates do not exceed twenty. That the number be not kept in constant 
pay unless the sick and wounded should be so numerous as to require the 
attendance of twenty, and to be diminished as circumstances will admit ; 
for which purpose the pay is fixed by the day that they may only receive 
pay for actual service. That one clerk, two storekeepers, and one nurse to 
every ten sick be appointed by the director." 

' "Head-Quarters, Cambridge, Sept. 7, 1775. (Parole, Cambridge.) 
(Countersign, Dorchester.) Repeated complaints being made by the Regi- 
mental Surgeons, that they are not allowed proper necessaries for the use of 
the sick, before they become fit objects for the General Hospital, and the 
Director General of the Hospital complains that, contrary to the rule of every 
established Army, these Regimental Hospitals are more expensive than can 
be conceived, which plainly indicates that there is either an unpardonable 
abuse on one side, or an inexcusable neglect on the other. And whereas 
the General is exceedingly desirous of having the utmost care taken of the 
sick (wherever placed, and in every stage of their disorder), but at the same 
time is determined not to suffer any impositions upon the publick, he requires 
and orders that the Brigadier-Generals, with the Commanding Officers of 
each Regiment in his Brigade, do sit as a Court of Inquiry into the causes 
of these complaints; and that they summon the Director General of the 
Hospital, and their several Regimental Surgeons, before them, and have the 



36 MEDICAL MEN 

derstanding of the Doctor's position, it should be borne in 
mind that he had rivals among the medical men then in the 

whole matter fully investigated and reported. This inquiry to begin on the 
left of the line to-morrow, at the hour of ten, in General Sullivan's Brigade. 

" When a soldier is so sick that it is no longer safe or proper for him to 
remain in camp, he should be sent to the General Hospital. There is no 
need of Regimental Hospitals without the camp, when there is a General 
Hospital so near, and so well appointed." {A7nerica')i Archives, 4tb series, 
vol. iii. p. 667.) 

"Headquarters, Cambridge, Sept. 14, 1775. (Parole, Roxborough.) 
(Countersign, Salem.) In obedience to the general order of the 7th inst., 
the inquiry into the conduct of Dr. Church, the Director-General of the 
hospital, and the respective regimental surgeons, has been held in Gen. 
Sullivan's brigade ; that being finished, the General orders the like to be 
held forthwith in Gen. Greene's brigade." {Avier. Arch., 4th series, vol. 
iii. p. 769.) 

"Headquarters, Cambridge, Sept. 28, 1775. (Parole, Bedford.) (Coun- 
tersign, Chatham.) The inquiry into the conduct of Dr. Church, Director- 
General of the hospital, and the respective regimental surgeons, being 
finished in the four brigades in and near Cambridge, conformable to the 
general orders of the 7th inst., the same is to take place to-morrow in Brig.- 
Gen. Thomas's brigade, and in Brig.-Gen. Spencer's brigade on Saturday." 
[Amer. A7-ch., 4th series, vol. iii. p. 857.) 

"Headquarters, Cambridge, Sept. 30, 1775. (Parole, Fairfax.) (Counter- 
sign, Goshen.) A court of inquiry, ordered to sit in Brig.-Gen. Spencer's 
brigade, in relation to the dispute between the director-general of the hospital 
and the regimental surgeons, is, on account of the indisposition of Dr. 
Church, to be postponed until further orders." {Amer. Arch., 4th series, 
vol. iii. p. 857.) 

Gen. Washington, Oct. 5, 1775, in, an official letter to the Continental 
Congress, writes: " I have now a painful, though a necessary duty to perform, 
respecting Dr. Church, Director General of the hospital. About a week 
ago Mr. Secretary Ward, of Providence, sent up to me one Wainwood, an 
inhabitant of Newport, with a letter directed to Major Cane in Boston in 
(occult) characters, which he said had been left with Wainwood some time 
ago, by a woman who was kept by Dr. Church. She had before pressed 
Wainwood to take her to Captain Wallace, Mr. Dudley the collector, or 
George Rome, which he declined. She then gave him a letter with a 
strict charge to deliver it to either of those gentlemen. He, suspecting some 
improper correspondence, kept the letter, and some time after opened it ; 
but not being able to read it, laid it up, where it remained until he received 
an obscure letter from the woman, expressing an anxiety after the original 
letter. He then communicated the whole matter to Mr. Ward, who sent 
him up with the papers to me. I immediately secured the woman, but for 
a long time she was proof against every threat and persuasion to discover 



OF THE REVOLUTION. 87 

service for his position. That he suspected them for fo- 
menting discontent is evident from his letter to General Sul- 
livan of Sept. 14, 1775. (See Amer. Arch.^ 4th series, vol. iii. 
p. 712.) 

Able, accomplished, and beloved as Dr. Church was by 
the leading patriots and the whole community, the weak- 
ness of human nature was painfully exeinplified in him by 
his attempt to correspond secretly, by means of cypher, with 
parties within the enemy's lines, which being detected, he 
was arrested, tried by court-martial, of which Gen. "Wash- 
ington was president, Oct. 3, 1775, and found guilty of 
" holding criminal correspondence with the enemy." The 
Provincial Congress of Massachusetts, of which he was a 
member, by a unanimous vote, expelled him from their body 
]^ov. 4, 1775. A record of his trial and his answers may be 
seen in the American Archives^ 4th series, vol. iii. p. 958. 

On the 17th October, 1775, Congress elected Dr. John 
Morgan Director General and Chief Physician in the Hos- 
pital, in the place of Dr. Church. Dr. Morgan's competitors 

the author. However, at length she was brought to a confession, and named 
Dr. Church. I then immediately secured him and all his papers. Upon 
his first examination, he readily acknowledged the letter ; said it was de- 
signed for his brother Fleming, and, when deciphered, would be found to 
contain nothing criminal. He acknowledged his never having commnni- 
cated the correspondence to any person here but the girl ; and made many 
protestations of the purity of his intentions. Having found a person 
capable of deciphering the letter, I, in the mean time, had all his papers 
searched, but found nothing criminal among them. But it appeared on 
inquiry that a confidant had been among the papers before my messenger 
arrived. I then called the general officers together for their advice — the 
result of which you will find enclosed. The deciphered letter is also en- 
closed. The army and country are exceedingly irritated ; and, upon a free 
discussion of the nature, circumstances, and consequence of this matter, it 
has been unanimously agreed to lay it before the honorable Congress for 
their special advice and direction ; at the same time suggesting to their 
consideration, whether an alteration of the twenty-eighth article of war 
may not be necessary."* 



* By the twenty-eighth article of war, whoever was convicted of holding corre- 
spondence with the enemy, or of giving intelligence, was to suffer such punishment 
as should be ordered by a genernl court-martial. There was no provision for refer- 
ring such cases to Congress or other civil authorities. {Sparks^ s Life and Writings 
of Washington, vol. iii. pp. 116 and 117.) 



38 MEDICAL MEN 

for the position were Dr. Isaac Foster, surgeon of the Hos- 
pital in Cambridge, and Lieut. CoL Hand, a resident of Pa., 
and at the time a surgeon in the army. Dr. John Morgan 
was a native of Pa., and had received his academic degree 
from the College of Philadelphia, and his doctorate from the 
University of Edinburgh. 

The success which had attended the medical department 
of the College of Philadelphia under his guidance was of 
itself a jfirst-class endorsement. His ahility as a surgeon, 
his character as a man, his patriotism, and his influence 
as a citizen were well known to the public. Therefore 
no more fitting appointment of chief medical officer could 
have been made. Immediately after his commission was 
issued, he reported for duty to Gen. Washington at Cam- 
hridge. On his arrival, he found the hospitals crowded 
with sick, many of whom ought to have been treated in the 
camp, tents, or the barracks of the regiments.' Reform in 
hospital management was at once commenced, which received 
the earnest sympathy and support of Gen. Washington. 
Dr. Morgan's displacement by Congress early in 1777, was 
from nearly all quarters pronounced a hasty and an unde- 
served censure upon his administration of the medical 
department. The difficulties complained of arose from 
defects in legislation, and other causes beyond the control 
of the medical officer. Dr. Morgan on entering upon his 
duties understood that he was expected to make tlie neces- 
sary medical appointments in the hospital department. This 
authority was also given to a limited extent to the surgeon 
in charge of the Northern Department, and to the surgeon of 
the Southern Hospital in Virginia. The same view, it would 
seem, was at first held by Congress, which on several occa- 
sions referred surgeons to him for appointment. The practice, 
however, excited jealousies, and had finally to be discon- 
tinued, and all appointments thenceforth came from Con- 
gress. 

' " The principal diseases were autumnal remittents, typhoid fever, and 
camp dysentery, and, in consequence of the universal practise of inoculating 
for the smallpox, a considerable amount of that disease. He set to work to 
introduce more systematic arrangements in the management of the hospitals ; 



OP THE REVOLUTION. 39 

The separate command under Gen'l Schuyler operating 
in Canada was at this time sufFerinsj for want of surgeons' 
medical supplies, and particularly from inefficient medical 
management.^ 

Dr. Samuel Stringer, of Albany, was first employed by 
General Schuyler, Aug. 27, 1775, and commissioned by 
Congress Sept. 14, 1775, Director of the Hospital and Phy- 
sician for the l!Torthern Department of the Army, and with 
tlje authority to appoint a number of surgeons' mates, not 
to exceed four. 

The doctor was a native of Marj-land, had studied medi- 
cine in Philadelphia, and had served as a surgeon in the 
British Army in America, and was therefore presumed to be 
familiar with the duties and requirements of a medical direc- 
tor. On the 25th of October, 1775, he wrote from Fort 
George to Congress, pointing out the necessities of the service 
in his department, and asked for an additional number of 
surgeons and surgeons' mates. {Amer. Arch., 4th series, vol. 
iii. p. 1523.) 

A misunderstanding of the powers and duties of the medi- 
cal director soon arose between Drs. Morgan and Stringer, 
so that Congress, Aug. 20, 1776, passed the following among 
other resolutions. That "Dr. Morgan was ajipointed Director 

the wards were cleaned out, and men sent back to their regiments, the num- 
ber of surgeons' mates in hospital reduced, and the surplus officers trans- 
ferred to vacancies in the regiments, and he subjected the medical officers to 
another examination and caused those who were disqualified to be dis- 
charged." [Broivn's Med. Dept. of the U. S. Army, p. 11-12.) 

' Gen. Schuyler, writing to the Continental Congress under date of Aug. 
6, 1775, says : " Out of about five hundred men that are here, near a hun- 
dred are sick, and I have not any kind of hospital stores, although I had 
not forgot to order them, immediately after my appointment. The little 
wine I had for my own table I have delivered to the regimental surgeons. 
That being expended, I can no longer bear the distress of the sick, and, 
impelled by the feelings of humanity, I shall take the liberty immediately 
to order a physician from Albany (if one can be got there, as I believe 
there may) to join me, with such stores as are indispensably necessary. If 
Congress should approve of this measure, they will please signify what 
allowance of pay will be made. If not, I shall discharge the person, who- 
ever he be, paying him for the services he may have performed." [Amer. 
Arch., 4th series, vol. iii. p. 48.) 



40 MEDICAL MEN 

General and Plij'sician-in-Chief of the American Hospital. 
That Dr. Stringer was appointed Director and Physician of 
the Hospital in the Xorthern Department only.'"^ 

During the winter the continental army was increased 
and pnt in the best jiossible condition, and the fortifications 
around Boston were strengthened. The o]tinion prevailed 
that General Gage would attack the colonial troops and 
attempt to send a force into the interior. Congress, too, 
was active in inaugurating measures for raising means and 
organizing troops. 

The command in Canada at this time seemed very san- 
guine of success and of having the people there unite with 
the other colonies. The failure of this scheme has always 
seemed to me to have resulted from bad management rather 
than from any disinclination or want of sympathy on the 
part of the Canadians with the struggle for colonial inde- 
pendence. 

General Washington had so fortified his position during 
the winter, that the British could no longer hold Boston; 
thev therefore evacuated it on Sunday the 17th of March, 
1776.2 

' Journal of Congress. August 20, 1776. ''That every director of a hospi- 
tal possesses the exclusive right of appointing surgeons and hospital officers 
of all kinds, agreeable to the resolutions of Congress of the 17th of July, 
in his own department unless otherwise directed by Congress. That Dr. 
Stringer be authorized to appoint a surgeon for the fleet now fitting out 
upon the lakes. That a druggist be appointed in Philadelphia, whose 
business it shall be, to receive and deliver all medicines, instruments, and 
shop furniture for the benefit of the United States. That a salary of thirty 
dollars a month be paid to said druggist for his Ikbor. 

" Congress proceeded to the election of a druggist, and, the ballot being 
taken, Dr. Wm. Smith was elected." 

2 On the announcement of this result General Washington received con- 
gratulatory and flattering addresses from the selectmen of Boston, the 
House of Representatives of Massachusetts, and from Congress, which body 
ordered a medal to be struck for him. Letters of thanks from all the colonial 
assemblies were sent to him. 

From Sparks's Washington, vol. iii. p. 493, we learn the strength of the 
army under General Washington during the siege of Boston ; on the 9th 
of March, total strength 18,410, sick though present 2445, sick but 
absent 330. 



OF THE REVOLUTION. 41 

The tlieatre of uctive operations for the remainder of the 
war now moved southward. 

Armies liad been collecting in the vicinity of New York. 
Here the newly enlisted recruits of the colonies had gone 
into camp to be drilled in tlie service. The British had 
other forces than those massing at the mouth of the Hudson 
operating still further to the south, Avith a view to dis- 
tract colonial sentiment and to conceal from the Americans 
the real point of intended attack. Norfolk, Va., having 
been burned by them on the 1st of January, 1776, a strong 
naval force also attacked Charleston, S. C, on tbe 28th of 
June, 1776, but was gallantly repulsed. 

The Declaration of Independence, the crowning political 
event of the age, had the eftect of consolidating public sen- 
timent and creating a permanent national policy in America. 

The difficulty of transportation and of providing supplies 
for an army at that period can scarcely be appreciated by the 
present generation, accustomed as we are to bridged streams, 
good roads, to steamboats and railroads. 

Dr. Morgan received a special order on the 3d of April, 
1776, for the removal of the hospital to New York. The 
minute details of this order show the great humanity and 
thoughtfulness of General Washington,' who expresses his 
full confidence in the zeal and abilitv of Dr. Morsran. _. 



' " As the grand Continental army immediately under the command of His 
Excellency General Washington will, as soon as it is practicable, be assem- 
bled at New York, you are, with all convenient speed, to remove the gen- 
eral hospital to that city. As the sick in the different houses cannot be 
removed, but must be attended until they arc able to march, you will leave 
such surgeons, surgeons' mates, apothecary, and attendants under the direc 

tion of * as are necessary for the care of the sick now in the general 

hospital. The medicines, stores, bedding, etc., not immediately wanted in 
the general hospital, should be loaded in carts that will be provided next 
Saturday by the Asst. Quartermaster-General, and sent under the care of 
a proper officer or officers of the hospital, to Norwich in Connecticut. Upon 
their arrival there, they will find His Excellency's orders, and how and in 
what manner to proceed from thence, whether by land or water. 

" The medicines ordered upon His Excellency's application by the honora- 
ble the general court of this province to be taken out of the town of 



* Blank to be filled bj' a surgeon selected by Dr. Morgan. 



42 MEDICAL MEN 

Dr. Morgan discliarged this duty with promptness and 
fidelity, and reports to General Washington in a letter written 
from Cambridge April 22, 1776. (See Archives^ 4th series, 
vol. V. p. 1024.) 

The hospitals provided at ISTevv York, as well as the regu- 
lations for their management, were an improvement on those 
hitherto established. Experience was beginning to yield 
fruits. The surgeons and mates were becoming more fa- 
miliar with the duties, and a rivalry for promotion began 
to develop itself. But the jealousy of the regimental sur- 
geons and hospital surgeons was growitig more pronounced. 

The law relating to hospitals, ])assod by Congress July 
17, 1770, it had been ho])cd would have promoted efficiency, 
allayed prt'judices, and insjtirod conHdcnce.^ 

Boston sliould bo sent witli the first of the hospital stores that g'o to Nor- 
wich, a careful person having orders to take charge of the same. 
)<. "The fixing and completing the regimental medicine chests, according to 
your plan lately proposed, had better be deferred until your arrival at New 
York, when that may be set about undor your inspection."' 

" As the removing the general hospital must be attended with such a 
variety of duty and attention, I must refrain from giving more particular 
directions, leaving a latitude to your experience and knowledge in your 
profession to govern and direct all your motions. 

y " Before you leave Cambridge it will be necessary to see a proper regi- 
mental medicine chest provided and delivered to each of the surgeons of 
the four regiments left in garrison there under the immediate command of 
Major-General "Ward; also a chest for Colonel Clover's regiment, on com- 
mand at Beverly, y 

"Reposing entire confidence in your care, diligence, and zeal for the ser- 
vice, I remain satisfied of your best exertions for the public benefit. 

" Given at Cambridge Headquarters, 3d day of April, 1776. George 
Washington to Dr. John Morgan." [Avier. Arch., vol. v., 4th series, p. 783.) 

' Wednesday, July 17, 1776, (congress took into consideration the report 
of the Committee on the memorial of the director-general of the American 
hospital, whereupon — 

Eesoivcd, 'I'iiat the number of hospital surgeons and mates be increased, 
in proportion to the augmentation of the army, not exceeding one surgeon 
and five mates to every five thousand men, to be reduced, when the army 
is reduced, or when there is no further occasion for such a number. 

That as many persons be employed in the several hospitals, in quality of 
storekeepers, stewards, managers, and nurses, as are necessary for the service, 
for the time being, to be appointed by the director of the respective hospitals. 
/ That the several rcginienlal chests of medicine and cliirurgical iiistru- 



OF THE REVOLUTION. 43 

The battle of Long Island was fought on the 27th Aug. 
1776, which resulted in the loss to the Americans of nearly 
1000 men, and compelled Gen. Washington to retire from 
the city of New York. 

incnts wliich now are, or liereafter shall be, in the possession of the regi- 
mental surgeons, be subject to the inspection and inquiry of the respec- 
tive directors of hospitals, and the director-general^and that the said 
regimental surgeons shall, from time to time, when thereto required, render 
account of the said medicines and instruments to the said director, or, if 
there be no director in any particular department, to the director-general ; 
the said accounts to be transmitted to the director-general, and by him to 
this Congress ; and the medicines and instruments not used by any regimental 
surgeon to be returned, when the regiment is reduced, to the respective direc- 
tors, and an account thereof by them rendered to the director-general, and by 
him to thi^ Congress. That the several directors of hospitals, in the several 
departments, and the regimental surgeons, where there is no director, shall 
transmit to the director-general regular returns of tlie number of surgeons' 
mates and other officers employed under them, their names and pay; also 
an account of the expenses and furniture of the hospital under their direc- 
tion ; and that the director-general make a report of the same from time 
to time, to the commander-in-chief, and this Congress. That the several 
regimental and hospital surgeons in the several departments make weekly 
returns of the sick to the respective directors in their departments. That 
no regimental surgeon be allowed to draw upon the hospital of his depart- 
ment for any stores except medicines and instruments ; and that when any 
sick person shall require other stores, they shall be received into said 
hospital and the rations of the said sick persons be stopped, so long as they 
are in the said hospital ; and that the directors of several hospitals report 
to the commissary the names of the sick, when received into and when dis- 
charged from the hospital, and make a like return to the board of treasury. 
That all extra expenses for bandages, old linen, and other articles necessary 
for the service, incurred by any regimental surgeon, be paid by the director 
of that department, with the approbation of the commander thereof. 'I'hat 
no niore medicines belonging to the continent be disposed of till further 
order of Congress. 

That the pay of the hospital surgeons be increased to one dollar and two- 
thirds of a dollar by the day ; the pay of the hospital mates to one dollar 
by the day, and the pay of hospital apothecary to one dollar and two-thirds 
of a dollar by the day, and that the hospital surgeons and mates take rank 
of regimental surgeons and mates. 

That the director-general and the several directors of hospitals be em- 
powered to purchase, with the approbation of the commanders of the respec- 
tive departments, medicines and instruments for the u.se of their respective 
iiospital, and draw upon the paymaster for the same, and make report of 
such purchases to Congress. [Journal of Conyrcss, July 17, 17TG.) 



44 MEDICAL MEN 

Gen. Charles Lee, in a letter to Congress from j^ew York, 
dated Feb. 9th, 1776, suggests that, in consequence of the 
augmentation of troops there, a hospital be established at that 
place without loss of time. The evacuation of Boston by the 
British took place on the 14th of March, 1776. The armies 
at once commenced massing around New York, when, as a 
matter of course, hospitals were provided, and the demand 
upon them was constantly on the increase. The necessity for 
barrack accommodations having preceded that of the hospi- 
tal, the unfinished New York hospital, at the recommenda- 
tion of the Committee of Safety, was occupied by the troops 
as quarters (see Amer. Arch., 4th series, vol. v. p. 1423). 
Queen's College was also used as a barrack. Hospitals were 
chiefly in private houses. The expectation of a battle in 
the effort to hold New York induced the Director-General 
to provide hospital accommodations in excess of the existing 
actual demand. Hence, an application to the New York 
Convention was made by Dr. Morgan in person for the as- 
signment of houses for hospitals.^ 

' New York Convention, 13 Aug. 1776. " Doctor John Morgan, Director 
General of the Hospital, attending, was admitted. He informed the Con- 
vention that General Washington had directed him to have all the sick 
removed to proper places out of such parts of the city as are closely built 
and inhabited ; that a list of houses had been handed to him for the purpose 
by private persons, but that as he is a stranger, and does not know what 
particular houses might be proper to be exempted, and, therefore, requests 
the directions of this Convention in the premises. 

"Resolved, That His Excellency General Washington be, and he is here- 
by, empowered to apply the following houses, to wit : Mr. Apthorpe's, Oliver 
Delancy's, and Robert Bayard's at Bloomingdale ; William Bayard's at 
Greenwich ; Mr. Watts', near Kepp's Bay : Robert Murray's, on Incklara 
Bergh ; Mi-. William McAdam's, and the houses and buildings occupied by 
Mr. Watson, near the old glass-house ; Nicholas Stuyvesant's, Peter Stuy- 
vesant's, Mr. Elliot's, Mr. Horsemanden's, commonly called Frog Hall ; 
Widow Leake's, near Kepp's Bay, for the use of the general hospital of 
the American army. 

"Ordered, That the General Committee of the city of New York do, on 
application by Dr. John Morgan, Director-General of the Hospitals of the 
Continental Army, appoint a proper committee of their body to ascertain 
and designate to him such houses on Nassau Island, to be ,by him used as 
a general hospital, as he may from time to time have occasion of for that 
purpose." {A'mer. ArcMv., 5th series, vol. i. p. 1499.) 



OF THE REVOLUTION. 45 

The failure of the Continentai troops to hold New York 
against the British army suddenly and violently deranged 
all previous plans for hospital accoramodations in and about 
the city of New York. 

At Albany a hospital was opened in July, 1776, in a 
building'erected for a hospital during the French war, and 
which was capable of accommodating five hutidred patients, 
besides quarters for the officers, store-room, etc. To this the 
sick and wounded from Crown Point, Ticonderoga, and the 
northern army generally was removed. After the surrender 
of General Burgoyne's army, Albany was crowded with the 
sick and wounded of both armies. Thacher, in his journal, 
draws a graphic picture of the hospitals at Albany.^ 

' " August 30, 1777. The city of Albany is situated on the west bank of 
the Hudson or North River, 160 miles north of New York, and the river 
admits of sloop navigation between these two cities. It consists of about 
three hundred houses, chiefly in the Gothic style, the gable ends to the 
street. There is an ancient Dutch church of stone, a Congregational 
church, and a decent edifice called City Hall, which accommodates occa- 
sionally their General Assembly and courts of justice. The hospital was 
erected during the last French war ; it is situated on an eminence over- 
looking the city. It is two stories high, having a wing at each end, and a 
piazza in front above and below. It contains forty wards, capable of ac- 
commodating five hundred patients, besides the rooms appropriated to the 
use of surgedns and other officers, stores, etc." {Tkacher's Journal, p. 91.) 

October 24th Dr. Thacher writes : " This hospital is now crowded with 
officers and soldiers from the field of battle ; those belonging to the British 
and Hessian troops are accommodated in the same hospital with our own 
men, and receive equal care and attention. The foreigners are under the 
care and management of their own surgeons. I have been present at some of 
their capital operations, and remarked, that the English surgeons perform 
with skill and dexterity ; but the Germans, with a few exceptions, do no 
credit to their profession. Some of them are the most uncouth and clumsy 
operators I ever witnessed, and appear to be destitute of all sympathy and 
tenderness towards the suff'ering patient. Not less than one thousand 
wounded and sick are now in this city. The Dutch church and several pri- 
vate houses are occupied as hospitals. We have about thirty surgeons and 
mates, and all are constantly employed. I am obliged to devote the whole 
of my time, from eight o'clock iu the morning to a late hour in the evening, 
to the care of our patients. Some of our soldiers' wounds, which had been 
neglected while on their way here from the field of battle, being covered 
with putrefied blood for several days, were found on the first dressing to be 
filled with maggots. It was not difficult, however, to destroy these vermin 



46 MEDICAL MEN 

The fatigue and suffering of the troops in the battles 
which preceded the crossing of the American army into 
New Jersey, told severely upon the health of the soldiers; 
so that the Director-General and hospital surgeons were 
taxed to their utmost to provide cover and hospital supplies. 
Large hospitals were establislied during the fall and winter 
at Peekskill, Fishldll, and other places in New York State.' 

The vigilance and efforts of General Heath to provide 
comfortable quarters for the soldiers, both sick and well, 
under his command, may be taken as a fair sample of the 
spirit with which the commanders executed their duties. 
The literature of the period is full of their appeals to Con- 
gress and entreaties to quartermasters, hospital directors, 

by the application of the tincture of myrrh. V Here is a fine field for pro- 
fessional improvement. Amputating limbs, trepanning fractured skulls, 
and dressing the most formidable wounds, have familiarized my mind to 
scenes of woe. A military hospital is peculiarly calculated to afford exam- 
ples for profitable contemplation, and to interest our sympathy and com- 
miseration. If I turn from beholding mutilated bodies, mangled limbs, and 
bleeding, incurable wounds, a spectacle no less revolting is presented of 
miserable objects languishing under afflicting diseases of every description 
— here are those in a mournful state of despair, exhibiting the awful har- 
bingers of approaching dissolution — there are those with emaciated bodies 
and ghastly visage, who begin to triumph over grim disease, and just lift 
their feeble heads from the pillow of sorrow." ( Thacher's Military Journal 
p. 112.) 

' "Peekskill, November 19, 1776. Sir: There are at this place three 
brigades of troops, besides the garrisons of the forts Montgomery and Con- 
stitution, making in the whole upwards of five thousand men, and neither 
general hospital nor surgeon belonging to the general hospital at the post. 
The morning that His Excellency General Washington left this place I 
mentioned to him the case of the sick. His Excellency replied that he 
intended to have mentioned the sick, but that it had slipped his memory, 
and that I must apply to you. 

" The daily complaints from the Colonels of the several regiments in the 
division, of the sufferings and distress of their sick, render it my indispensa- 
ble duty to apply to you for assistance and relief, which I desire you would 
afford immediately, as the neglect of the sick will prove very prejudicial to 
the enlistment of a new army. 

'• I am, dear sir, yours affectionately, 

" Doctor Morgan. W. Heath." 

[Amer. Arch., 5th series, vol. iii. p. 769.) 



OF THE REVOLUTION. 47 

etc., to discharge their trust with dispatch and fidelity. The 
response of Dr. Morgan to Gen. Heath' shows how carefully 

' Peekskill, November 20th, 1776. To General Heath. " Doctor Mor- 
gan proposes to General Heath the quarters be fitted up immediately for a 
general hospital for the reception of the sick at Peekskill. They ought to 
be floored above so as to make two stories each, and to have a stack of 
chimneys carried up in the middle. 

" If convenient quarters are not provided for the sick, and they cannot be 
obtained unless the commander-in-chief of the division gives orders and 
enforces them effectually, every attempt to establish an hospital will prove 
ineffectual. 

" To call for the establishment of a general hospital for surgeons to attend, 
and take care of the sick, and not to strengthen their hands, so as to enable 
them to do their duty, is the certain way of plunging them into insuperable 
difficulties, which must bring reflections on them, which it is not in their 
power to wipe off, but by showing the defect lies not at their door. 
•■/ " Wherever a general hospital is established, it is necessary that the com- 
missary in that department furnish the necessary hospital stores, in sufficient 
abundance, so that the surgeon on drawing for them be immediately pro- 
vided with flour or bread, fresh meat, salt, vinegar, rum, soap, candles, 
vegetables, Indian meal, oatmeal, barley, rice, chocolate, coffee, tea, sugar, 
wine, butter, etc. /ijt is also necessary, where other attendants cannot be 
had, as nurses, waiters, laborers, and cooks, out of the army, that fatigue 
men be appointed by the commander in sufficieut number. 

" It is further required that bed-bunks be made, and straw be always in 
readiness, for the sick, and a carpenter or two be employed solely in the 
business of the general hospital in making coffins, tables, and utensils of 
various kinds. 

" From the Quartermaster's store should be provided blankets, bed-sacks, 
platters, kettles, spoons, knives and forks, and other articles of the like 
kind. Besides these several requisites, which depend not on the director-gen- 
eral or superintendent of an hospital, it is necessary for the better manage- 
ment of the hospital, that all the regimental surgeons and mates be kept 
to their posts, attend their regiment, and make weekly returns of their sick 
to the director-general when present, and in his absence to the surgeon 
of the general hospital, that provision be always made in time for the 
sick ; to do which it is necessary that the state of the sick be constantly 
known. 

" It is further necessary that all the surgeons of regiments be informed 
that the Congress have resolved, whenever the sick require any further pro- 
vision than their rations, they are to be reported immediately to the gene- 
ral hospital and received into it, and that no issuing store will be opened to 
supply the sick remaining under their care with provisions from the general 
hospital. 

" The weekly returns of the regimental surgeons to be in the form already 



48 MEDICAL MEN 

he had considered the subject of his duties and the prompt- 
ness with which he replied to the general's letter. 

It is quite evident, froni the action of the N'ew York Com- 
mittee of Safety Dec. 6th, 1776, that General Heath had also 
applied to that body for assistance to render the condition 
of the soldiers under his command at Peekskill and at other 
points on the Hudson River as comfortable as possible for 
the winter.^ 

given out to them, and if any surgeon neglect being punctual in giving in 
his weekly returns, he should be reported to the commanding officer. That it 
may be known who are deficient therein, the director-general or surgeon of 
the general hospital, should be furnished by order of the commandant with 
a list of the regiments, and the names of the surgeons in that division. 

" With every sick the regimental surgeon sends to the general hospital, 
there should be a report, joined with the application for admission, addressed 
to the surgeon of the general hospital, signed by the surgeon or mate of the 
regiment and by some commissioned officer belonging to the company or 
regiment, specifying when the sick was taken ill, and what was done ; spe- 
cifying, also, what blankets, clothes, etc., are sent with the sick. When this 
regularity is observed, it will be seen and known who do their duty, and who 
not, so that when complaints are made of the sick being neglected, it may be 
known at whose door the fault lies. 

"Agreeable to General Heath's desire, these things are pointed out, and 
a surgeon with three or four mates shall be ordered to Peekskill to improve 

and take care of the general hospital. 

"John Morgan." 
{Amer. Arch., 5th series, vol. iii. p. 781.) 

' " Convention of New York, Dec. 6, 1776. Communicated to Gen. Heath. 
Ordered, That the committee to whom was referred the application of Doctor 
Hunlock Woodruff, for a place of cover for two hundred and thirty troops 
belonging to General McDougall's brigade, under the command of Captain 
Wildie, now lying at Peekskill, and also a letter received from Gen. Heath 
of the 3d inst., reported the following resolve : — 

" Resolved, That the sick soldiers of General McDougall's Brigade, now 
lying at Peekskill, be permitted to occupy such parts of the Academy at 
Fishkill as are tenantable for an hospital, until they can be otherwise pro- 
vided for. 

" The sick of Colonel Bradley's regiment we had caused to be taken care 
of by a physician of this place until Doctor McKuight arrived ; and be 
assured, sir, the non-attendance of a doctor or surgeon was not ascribed to 
any inattention of ours. Such parts of the unfinished Academy as are in any 
wise tenantable at this season of the year, were lately assigned for a dis- 
tressed party of sick from General McDougall's Brigade ; but we arc informed 
by William Dure, Esq., under whose direction the barracks between Peeks- 
kill and this place are, that those in the north entrance of the Highlands, 



OF THE REVOLUTION. 49 

The British pressed the American Army and forced the 
battle of Harlem Plains, which was fought on tlie 16th Sept., 
and on the 28th the battle of White Plains, the last two 
without any special results on either side. But the loss of 
Fort Washington on the I6th of ll^ov., and of Fort Lee on the 
18th, disheartened and greatly reduced the active strength 
of the arm}', which retreated into x^ew Jersey, and there 
went into winter-quarters. 

We have already noted the provision made for the sick 
by the Colonies of Massachusetts and Connecticut. All the 
others were equally solicitous on the subject, but the records 
of them on this point are either not so well preserved or 
are more difficult of access. 

The southern peo[)le too, at an early period of the struggle, 
made liberal provision to establish hospitals and to procure 
competent surgeons and surgeons' mates for the army. Prior 
to the battle of Bunker's Hill, or the declaration of Ameri- 
can independence, Virginia statesmen had discussed in con- 
vention the subject of establishing several hospitals at conve- 
nient points for the care and treatment of the sick and 
wounded soldiers, and had brought the subject to the 
attention of the continental convention.^ The result of 

and also that near Hoit's intended to contain upwards of one thousand men, 
are nearly completed. 

" Those who are sick of your division may now be made comfortable ; and 
if the building of any other hospital shall be necessary, you may be assured 
the convention will be ready to afford every necessary aid in their power 
for that purpose." [Ainer. Arch., 5th series, vol. iii. p. 361.) 

' May, 1776. The Continental Congress Resolved, " That a Continental 
Hospital be established in Virginia and a director to the same immediately 
appointed by Congress. 

" The Congress then proceeded to the election of a director of the hospital 
in Virginia ; and the ballots being taken, William Rickman was elected. 

" Resolved, That the hospital in Virginia be on the same establishment, 
and the pay of the officers thereof the same, as the hospital established in 
the Eastern Department. 

" That two surgeons, one apothecary, six mates, one clerk, one store- 
keeper, and one nurse to every ten sick, with laborers occasionally, when 
necessary, be allowed to the hospital in Virginia. 

" That the director be empowered to nominate the surgeons and apothecary. 

" That the mates be appointed by the surgeons, and that the number of 

4 



50 MEDICAL MEN 

this deliberation was the establishment at Williamsburg-h, 
Va., of a large and well-appointed hospital, which was main- 
tained to the close of the war, Virginia's compensation 
to the medical gentlemen, both in the matter of monthly 
pay and bounty, was considerate and liberal.^ 

the mates be diminished as circumstances will admit; for which reason the 
pay is fixed by the day, that they may only receive pay for actual service." 
[Amer. Arch.,Ath series, vol. vi. p. 1673.) 

' On the 20th of May, 1776, the President laid before the Virginia Con- 
vention a letter from Dr. Skinner to Brigadier-General Lewis, " recommend- 
ing a further provision to be made for the surgeons and surgeons' mates," 
which letter was referred to the Committee on the State of the Colony. 
" Mr. Cary reported that the committee had come to the following resolu- 
tion, which was read and delivered to the clerk's table, where they are twice 
again read and agreed to : — • 

" It appearing to the committee that proper surgeons and mates cannot 
be engaged for the Continental troops in this Colony at the pay allowed by 
the General Congress, and that two mates are necessary for each regiment : 

" Resolved, therefore, That the expense of one mate to each regiment, 
and the additional pay of the surgeon and mate, so as to bring the Congress 
allowance to that established by this convention, ought at present to be 
defrayed by this colony." [Amer. Arch., 4th series, vol. vi. p. 1531.) 

On the 21st of May, 1776, in the Virginia Convention, on motion, it was 
ordered that Mr. Starke, Mr. Johnson, Mr. Henry, Mr. Blair, Mr. Gilmer, 
Mr. Randolph, and Mr. Travis, be a committee to inquire for a proper hos- 
pital for the reception and accommodation of sick and wounded soldiers." 
[Amer. Arch., 4th series, vol. vi. p. 1533.) 

June 15, 1776. " Mr. Starke, from the committee appointed to inquire 
for a proper hospital for the reception and accommodation of the sick and 
wounded soldiers, reported, that the committee had accordingly made the 
said inquiry, and that at the instance of the committee. Dr. William Rick- 
man, lately appointed by the General Congress to be physician and director- 
general to the Continental Hospital, accompanied them to the college, 
palace, and other places, and he advised that, though the college has room 
enough for the purpose of an hospital, yet, by reason of the many partitions 
therein, it will not admit of that thorough passage of air so absolutely neces- 
sary for invalids ; that the college has, at a very considerable expense, been 
lately repaired, whitewashed, and thoroughly cleaned, for the reception of 
scholars, who are expected to return to their studies on Monday next, at 
which time the vacation ceases ; that there are a large and valuable library 
and apparatus in it, which might probably be damaged in the removal, 
perhaps totally ruined ; that several young gentlemen in the country have 
been accustomed to receive maintenance and education there as scholars 
on certain foundations established by different benefactors. That it also 



OF THE REVOLUTION. 51 

Congress, Dec. 8, 1775, had resolved, tliat companies for 
two battalions be raised in New Jersey, and that a surgeon 
be allowed for each battalion. Dr. Wm. Barnet, Jr., was 
elected surgeon to Lord Stirling's, the first battalion raised 
in New Jersey. Separate commands were multiplying, and,' 
therefore, the necessity for separate and defined districts, 
with medical directors of good executive ability' for each. 
Medical appointments by Congress at this period had prob- 
ably this policy in view.^ 

The exigencies of the war caused the collection of a very 
considerable militia, as well as Continental military force, in 

appeared from examination of the palace and the opinion of Dr. Rickman, 
that it is adapted in all respects, without any alterations of consequence, 
for an hospital, whether considered as to size, situation, plan, or necessary 
offices; that, added to this, there stands a public building in the centre of 
the park, which may be taken as an appendage to the hospital, whither 
persons laboring under epidemical or infectious disorders may be removed, 
and the diseases thereby prevented from spreading. 

" That the following private houses within the city of Wiliiamsburgh may 
be purchased, to wit : Dr. James Carter's, which is but small, yet has many 
convenient buildings, which might be applied also to the purpose of hospitals, 
and the whole may be procured for the sum of £1000 ; Mr. James Hubard's, 
which does not contain many rooms, but they are commodious and airy, and 
may be had for the sum of about £1200, which, with the repairs lately made, 
it cost him, with the privilege reserved him of repurchasing on the same 
terms, and in the same condition, if at the end of the present trouble the 
publick should be inclined to sell it; also Mr. John Hatlcy Norton's, which 
is airy and pleasant, but the outhouses are few in number, and not in good 
repair; this may be had for £1.300: and that it appears to them that no 
one of the three private houses above mentioned would singly be sufficient 
for the said purpose, though all of them together might ; but adopting that 
method necessarily enhance the expense, as an additional number of sur- 
geons, surgeons' mates, nurses, matrons, and other assistants would be 
unavoidable. 

"And that they had come to the following resolution thereupon, which he 
read in his place, and afterwards delivered in at the clerk's table, where the 
same was again twice read and agreed to. 

" Resolved, That the palace, and as many of the outbuildings as may be 
necessary for the purpose, be appropriated for a publick hospital, and that 
the physician and director-general be informed thereof." {Ame7\ Arch., 4th 
series, vol. vi. p. 1573.) 

• See Journ. of Congress, Feb. 13 and 26, for further details. The depart- 
ments were known at this time as Eastern, Northern. Canadian, Middle, and 
Southern. 



52 MEDICAL MEN 

and around riiiladelphia during the winter of 1776-77. 
"With this concourse of troops, of course, came a demand for 
increased hospital accommodations. The Continental Con- 
gress passed a resolution looking to obtaining the use of the 
Pennsylvania Hospital for the sick troops of the Continental 
army. The council of safety co-operated actively in the 
measure, and appointed a committee to confer with the 
Board of War and to complete all needed arrangements for 
the accommodation and proper care of the sick and wounded. 
Dr. Thomas Bond, Jr., had charge of a hospital at Elizabeth- 
town, which he was directed to move toward l*hiladel|)hia, 
which he did by placing his patients on a boat, no destination 
being at first determined u[ion. But the same day, writing 
to his father. Dr. Thomas Bond, he says, "I have leave to 
carry my sick where 1 think jnoper, and have therefore 
determined to proceed with them to Philadelphia. 1 there- 
fore request you will direct the hearer, John Long, in my 
employ, to wait upon General Mifflin and request him to issue 
orders for the reception of forty sick, in some convenient 
place near the town, if to be had. I should be obliged to 
you to consult General MitHin upon a proposal I have made 
of instituting hospitals for the sick in Darby, Chester, 
Marcus Hook, Wilmington, and New Castle. I think the 
water carriage from Trenton to these places would save 
much carting, and this plan much better than one now 
proposed of sending the sick to East Town, Beti)lehem, 
Nazareth, Reading, etc." {Pa. Archives, vol. v. p. 7 9.) 

The sympathy of the leading members of the profession 
was actively enlisted, not only for the cause of the colonies, 
but to the ettbrt in lending their advice and aid for the relief 
of the sick and wounded soldiers.' 

' "To Council of Siif'ely, Dec. 4, 177G. Gentlcmoii : In my son's letter. 
laid before you, he requests provision may be made for 40 sick persons who 
are to be brought from his hospital to this city, and r'Ssirea it may be con- 
sidered whether it would not be most expedient for ail the military hospitals 
to be fixed as near as po. sible to water carriage. 

" With respect to the immediate provision he mentions for the sick, it 
appears to me that the IVMinsylvania l?attering house and Provincial Hos- 
pitals may accommodate them, and many more, without the least infringe- 



OF THE REVOLUTION. 53 

Besides tlic Peniisy]vani;i Ilosjtital, (lie poor-liouso, 8omo 
stores, and many private houses wore lor a time used as 
hospitals. But, very properly, it was the desire of the 

incnls oil llio t)rij;iiiiil tl(>sii;ii of 11ios(> iiistiliitiims, hy diil}' romoviiifjf iiiid 
oxcludiiifj^ at tliis tiiiio such sick as do not aV)Solu1oly ro((iiiro (lie particnlar 
con veil iciicos of those houses. With respect to water porta<!:e, iiiililary 
hospitals ])articularly require it, because the jolting's of horse carriag'es 
would j>reatly ajfu'ravate the violences of fractured and splintered bones 
from gunshot wounds. 

" A very short rcHectiou on the nature and use of military hospitals, at 
this time, must convince yon that a strict attention to them is of the 
utmost importance to the distressed and the community. I therefore take 
the liberty of advising that some able, judicious, and experienced person or 
persons nniy, in the character of jdiysician and surgeon to the Pennsylvania 
lroo])s and Director-d'eneral of the military h(»spitals in this State, be 
empowered to ti.\ on ])roper jdaces for opening and supplying them with 
assistants, nurses, ami all other conveniences which art or humanity reipiires 
for their relief and sup[)ort. That the riiysicians-deneral and their unites 
shall be obliged to attend all such poor \vouu(h'd, or sick soldiers, as shall 
choose to reuKvin in their own habitations. 'Thai the physicians shall give 
particular directions for all the medicines and instruments in the hospitals 
and surgeons' chests, and make out general forms of j)rescription, agreeable 
to the custom of the best regulated armies in Kurope, which would not only 
be a real advantage to the sick but a great saving of exj)ense at this time, 
when foreign drugs are scarce and dear. And lastly, that the physicians 
shall be particularly enjoined to take every necessary precaution against 
the s])reading of contagious diseases amongst the inhabitants. 

" When T see so nniny of friends and valuable fellow-citizens exposing 
themselves to the horrors of war, 1 think it my indispensable duty to make 
them a tender of the best services in my power, u])on condition that 1 can 
have the joint assistance of my son in the great undertaking, who, 1 am 
certain, you will find on iiupiiry, has already distinguished himself in this 
d(^l)artnient. As 1 am told many of the sick are near th(> city, the sooner 
the nmtti'r is concluded on the better. I will do myself the ])leasnre to 
wait on you soon, and 1 am, gentlemen, yiiur most respectful, humble 
servant. Tu. i?().\i)." 

[hi. Airhircs, vol. v. i)p. S',), ;)().) 

Council of Safety of Pa., Dec. .'), 177(;. " Hcsolrcd, That the Peunsylva 
Ilia Hospital be taken Up and employed for the sick troops of the Conti- 
nental Army, in compliance with a request of Congress, and that the said 
troops be provided with nu^dicine and every necessary." 

The same day it was " h'csolrrd. That Mr. ('hristoph(>r Marshall be em- 
ployed to assist the physicians in i)roviding ftu- the sick, and that he Inive 
authority to employ i)roper persons to assist him in i)roeuring houses I'or 



54 MEDICAL MEN 

medical directors to have the hospitals located at some 
distance from, or at least outside, the city. The largest were 
located at Bethlehem,' Reading, Manheim, Lancaster, and 
Bristol. 

them to lodge, and such other necessaries as may alleviate their distresses 
and render them comfortable." {Pa. Colon. Record, vol. xi. p. 34.) 

Dec. 6, 1776, the Council of Safety of Pa. " Resolved, That Major Isaac 
Milchor, Mr. Thomas Smith, and Captain William Davis be authorized and 
empowered, with Mr. Christopher Marshall and Mr. Thomas Casdrop, to 
provide and take care of the sick troops daily coming to this city from 
camp, and that they make use of any em])ty houses and stores and other 
buildings in this city and the Liberties thereof, which they may think con- 
venient for lodging such troops ; and that they take to their assistance, ia 
performing the said trust, such discreet persons as to them shall seem meet, 
and this board will defray every expense thereof." (Pa. Colon. Record, 
vol. xi. pp. 35, 36.) 

' The Hospitals at Bethlkhem, Pa. 

" In these days, 1776, September 2-6, parties of militia, on their return 
from New York, passed, bringing the intelligence that a battalion from 
this county had suffered severely at the engagement with the British on 
Long Island, on the 27th of August last, having- left most of its men either 
dead or wounded. 

" It will be remembered that after the repulse at Gowanus, or Brooklyn 
Heights, Washington withdrew his troops to New York, and soon after 
evacuated that city, which fell into the hands of the British. This loss 
•was followed by those of Fort Washington and Fort Lee in quick succes- 
sion, late in the month of November. Washington having crossed the 
North River, now continued his retreat to NeAvark, New Brunswick, 
Princeton, and Trenton, and thence crossed to the Pennsylvania side of the 
Delaware, closely pursued by Cornwallis. General Lee's division of three 
thousand men, under command of General Sullivan, reached Bethlehem on 
the 17th of December, and encamped for the night on the south bank of 
the Lehigh. 

"At this crisis in the affairs of the Continental Army, the removal of 
the hospital, in which two thousand sick and wounded Mere at this time 
lying, from Morristown to some point in the interior, was a measure which 
allowed of no delay, and on the .3d of December, the following announce- 
ment reached Bethlehem by express : — 

"'According to His Excellency General Washington's order, the General 
Hospital of the army is removed to Bethlehem, and you will do the greatest 
act of humanity by immediately providing proper buildings for its reception. 

John Warren, 
General Surg, to the Continental Hasp.' 

"In the evening of the same day, Drs. Warren and Shippen arrived, 
when arrangements were made for the reception of 250 of the hospital sick 



OF THE REVOLUTION. 55 

This was a season of great discontent, and complaints felt 
to be cliargeable to the general management of the war, 
which it was not prudent to criticize, could with impunity 
be indulged in against the hospital, so that it became popu- 

in the ' Brethren's House.' The next morning they entered the settlement, 
a pitiable spectacle to behold, totally destitute, gaunt and famishing ; and, 
says the diary, had we not supplied them with food, many of them would have 
perished ; for three days elapsed before the arrival of the supplies intended 
for their use. Before the close of the winter, 110 of their number were 
released from suffering and distress. by the hand of death. The first occu- 
pation of the Brethren's House by the hospital sick continued till the close 
of March, 1777, on the 29th day of that mouth, the remaining thirty con- 
valescent soldiers setting out for the army. 

" 1777, Jan. 8, Dr. Morgan and surgeons received orders to repair to the 
army in New England. 

"In the evening of the 19th of September we received (through Dr. 
Jackson) the following notice from the Director-General of the Continental 
Hospital. 

" ' Gentlemen : It gives me great pain to be obliged, by order of Congress, 
to send my sick and wounded soldiers to your peaceable village ; but so it 
is. We will want room for two thousand at Bethlehem, Easton, and North- 
ampton, and you may expect them on Saturday or Sunday. 

" 'These are dreadful times ; consequences of unnatural wars. I am trulv 
concerned for your Society, and wish sincerely this stroke could be averted, 
but 'tis impossible. William Shippkn.' 

"Seeing ourselves under the necessity of relieving the distress of the 
country, on the next day we gave orders for the evacuation of the Brethren's 
House by its residents, and its clearance from basement to attic. 

" The second occupation of the Brethren's House by the hospital sick 
continued until June, 1778. 

"October 4, 1777, loud cannonading was heard in the distance. Some 
days later, intelligence reached us of the battle of Germantown, and on the 
6th and 7th, numbers of the wounded were conveyed here to the hospital. 

"October 22. A number of wagons with sick from the army arrived. 
Upwards of 400 are at present in the Brethren's House alone, and 50 in 
the tents below. 

" November 11. Dr. Aquila AVilmot. a hospital pliysician, died, and, pur- 
suant to a request made on his death-bed, was interred in our graveyard. 

"1777, December 24. During the month, large nmubers of sick were 
brought to Bethlehem from the Jerseys, generally in open wagons, often 
amid snow and beating rain. The hospital list daily increased, and be- 
tween Christmas and New Year's, upwards of seven hundred invalids were 
crowded into the Brethren's House alone. Numbers died — especially in 
the upper stories, where the filth and pollution were intolerable." [Moravian 
Soucenir, by Prof. W. C. Reichel.) 



56 MEDICAL MEN 

lar to decry its management. This was aggravated by the 
fact that the American army had largely concentrated, 
during the winter of 1776-77, in the vicinity of Philadel- 
phia, where Congress was then in session, so that all classes 
became familiar with the distresses of the troops, which had 
the effect of exciting the philanthropists to make represen- 
tations to members of Congress and persons influential with 
the Military Committee to secure greater comforts for the 
sick. Many suggestions were in consequence made to the 
generals and to Congress, but the scope of this paper will 
not allow me to note others than those in which the medical 
profession were interested. 

The conviction was grounded in the minds of many that 
the organization of the medical department was defective 
and required some radical change. This was no doubt the 
motive that induced a number of medical men to make 
suggestions to generals, to Congress, and to individual 
members of that body, looking to its improvement, and 
which finally led to radical changes in its organization.^ 

' " To Richard Henry Lee, Betlilehem, Dec. 17, 1776. Dear Sir : After 
much difficulty and expense, I have removed all the sick to Easton, Bethle- 
hem, and Allentown ; their number is now much reduced, and all in a good 
way. 1 send twenty or thirty weekly to join the army. There is no pay- 
master or gener. 1 near us, and I am almost out of cash; I must therefore 
h:g the favor of you to procure me five thousand dollars, and send them by 
the bearer. Dr. Hailing, for the use of this hospital. You will please to 
give a receipt for me, etc. . . . 

"To Colonel Lee, of the honorable Continental Congress, Philadelphia. 

" P. S. From a tedious experience, I have learned what is necessary in a 
military hospital, and think it my duty to give my opinion thereon to my 
friends in Congress. I have attended to this matter more carefully because 
I saw on my first entering the army that many more brave Americans fell 
a sacrifice to neglect and iniquity in the medical department than fell by 
the sword of the enemy. I saw directors, but no direction ; physicians and 
surgeons, but too much about their business, and the care of the sick com- 
mitted to young boys, in the character of mates, quite ignorant, and, as I 
am informed, hired at half price, etc. Some I found honestly doing the 
duty of their stations. How far my own department has been better filled 
does not become me to say, and I am not ashamed to own that I am con- 
scious of many imperfections, but flatter myself that none of them have 
arisen from want of care and integrity in the director, or skill and industry 



OF THE REVOLUTION. 57 

On the 6th of June, 1776, Dr. Jonathan Potts was ap- 
pointed physician and surgeon in the Canadian Department, 

in his physicians, surgeons, and mates; all the latter, he can with pleasure 
declare, have done more than their duty cheerfully. 

" Some have arisen from my inexperience, some from the scarcity of many 
articles necessary for the sick, and some from the distracted, flying state of 
the army. All these causes, I persuade myself, will in a great measure be 
removed in the next campaign if our cruel enemies risk another. 

" I would humbly propose the following arrangement as necessary, and I 
hope adequate to making the sick soldiery comfortable and happy : Suppose 
three armies, a northern, middle, and southern ; to each of these the follow- 
ing officers : — 

1 Director and Surgeon-General at . • . 35s. Od. and 8 rations. 

3 Sub or Assistant Directors . . . 22 6 " 6 
10 Surgeons or Physicians ... 20 " 4 

20 Mates 7 G " 2 " 

1 Apothecary-General . . . • 20 " 4 " 

4 Mates 7 6 " 2 " 

1 To act as Quartermaster-General and Com- 
missary-General 12 6 " 4 " 

3 Deputies, or one to every hundred sick . 7 6 " 2 " 

1 Steward to everv hundred sick . . .5 " 2 

1 Matron to every one hundred sick . . 3 9 " 2 " 

1 Ward Master to every one hundred sick . 5 " 1 " 

1 Nurse to every fifteen sick, 10s. Od. per 
week, instead of one to every ten at 7s. M. ; 
they are not to be had at 7s. Gd. 
1 To act as Secretary and Storekeeper to 

every hospital . . . . • 7 6 " 2 " 

"The Directors-General and sub-directors to be chosen by the Congress; 
the physicians, surgeons, and apothecaries, by the directors ; the mates by 
the physicians and surgeons, after a strict examination ; all other officers by 
the directors. 

" Not less than this, in my opinion, will induce men properly qualified to 
engage ; and any others will be dear at any price. 

"I have the honor to be, dear sir, your very humble servant. 

" William Shippen, Jr. 

" P. S. No regimental hospitals will now be necessary. To every regi- 
ment should be appointed by the Congress, after being examined and rec- 
ommended by the directors and physicians and surgeons of the hospital, or 
by three or four of the most eminent in any State, appointed by that State 
for the purpose, one surgeon at r2s. 6d. and 4 rations per diem, and two 
mates at 6s. 3(Z. and 2 rations per diem. 

" 'I'o be supplied with one case of amputating and trepanning instruments, 



58 MEDICAL MEN 

or at Lake George, but not to supersede Dr. S})riiiger. 
{Journ. of Congress^ June 6, 1776.) 

The legislation in Congress at this time was notably in 
the direction of separate departments or divisions. On the 
9th of October, 1776, Dr. Wm. Shippen, Jr., was appointed 
to provide and superintend a hospital for the army in New 
Jersey, leaving the hospitals on the east side of the ISTorth 
River under the control of Dr. Morgan.^ 

The appointment of Dr. Shippen to a directorship in the 
hospital department, without any consultation, as far as we 
know, with General Washington or Dr. Morgan, seems to 
have been brought about by the general discontent of the 
people and the arm}^ and by the friends of Dr. Shippen, 
who had influence with Congress, and possibly his own 
solicitation. The resolution of Congress in October, which 
enlarged his authority and power, would seem to give color 

one case pocket ditto, and such a chest of medicines as the directors shall 
think proper. 

"Bethlehem, Dec. 20, 1776." 

[American Archives, 5th series, vol. iii. p. 1259.) 

^ Oct. 9, 1776, Congress Resolved, 'I'hat no regimental hospitals be for 
the future allowed in the neighborhood of the general hospital. That John 
Morgan, Esq., provide and superintend an hospital at a proper distance from 
the camp for the army posted on the east side of Hudson's River. 

That Wm. Shippen, Jr., Esq., provide and superintend an hospital for the 
army in the State of New Jersey. That each of the hospitals be supplied 
by the respective directors with such a number of surgeons, apothecaries, 
surgeons' mates, and other assistants; and, also, such quantities of medicines, 
bedding, and other necessaries as they shall judge expedient. That they 
make weekly returns, to Congress and the commander-in-chief, of the ofiRcers 
and assistants of each denomination, and also the numbers of sick and 
diseased in their respective hospitals. 

That the regimental surgeons be directed to send to the general hospitals 
such officers and soldiers of their respective regiments as, being confined by 
wounds or other disorders, shall require nurses or constant attendance, and 
from time to time to apply to the quartermaster-general, or his deputy, for 
convenient wagons for this purpose ; also, that they apply to the directors 
in their respective departments for medicines and otLTer necessaries. That 
the wages of nurses be augmented to one dollar a week. 

That the commanding officer of each regiment be directed, once a week, 
to send a commissioned officer to visit the sick of his respective regiment in 
the general hospital, and report their state to him. [Journal of Congress, 
Oct. 9, 1776.) 



OF THE REVOLUTION. 59 

to this hypothesis. His view of the duties of the position 
assigned him by Congress, was not promptly acquiesced in 
or understood in the same way by commanders generally, 
and led him to write complainingly on the subject to 
General Washington. ^ The general's reply not being satis- 
factory, he then wrote on the same subject, and complains 
to Congress, and even reflects on the course of Dr. Morgan^ 

' "Head Quarters, November 3d, 1776. 
" Dear Sir : I am favored witli yours of the 29tli last month. Although 
by the resolutions of Congress you are appointed to the director-general- 
ship of the flying camp in New Jersey, and Doctor Morgan to that of the 
Continental army, which has lain on this side of the North River; yet I 
never imagined it meant to exclude either of you from the power of estab- 
lishing hospitals on whichever side of the river you thought most conve- 
nient for your respective sick. Under the circumstances in which we left 
New York, we found it impossible to remove our sick up the country on 
this side the river ; Doctor Morgan was therefore directed to provide and 
prepare hospitals for them in Jersey, to be under the control of him and 
his assistants. 

" He informs me he has left Doctor Foster, with proper assistants, to take 
care of those sick who were removed from this army ; and it is my desire 
that they may remain under his direction. He will undoubtedly take pro- 
per measures to provide comfortably for them. As fast as they recover 
they are to be sent over to this army again; and though they may have 
put you to some inconvenience for a time, yet consider the necessity of the 
times must plead the excuse. We have now established hospitals in this 
neighborhood, and therefore shall have occasion to send no more to Jersey. 
As fast as Doctor Poster's sick are removed, the houses will be left for 
your use and convenience. 

" I am, dear sir, your most obedient servant. 

" Geo. Washington. 
" To Dr. William Shippen." 

{Amer. Archiv., 5th ser., vol. iii. p. 493.) 
2 " Newark, 9th November, 1776. 
" Dear and Honourable Sir : I think it proper to inform the honorable 
Congress that I have not yet taken any of the Continental sick on this side 
of the North River under my direction, agreeable to their last regulation, 
because Dr. Morgan differs in opinion with me concerning the meaning of 
Congress, and because General Washington desires they may remain under 
his care, as you will see by the enclosed letter from His Excellency, the Gen- 
eral, who makes no distinction between my appointment in July and your 
resolves in October, and, in my opinion, has not seen the latter (which ex- 
pressly says) all the sick on this side of the North River shall be under 
my care and direction. 

"The Congress will see, by the enclosed from General Mercer, his senti- 



60 MEDICAL MEN 

and General Wasliington. Dr. Sliippen's letters are diplo- 
matic, and show that, he felt confident that he and Congress 
had come to an understanding on the subject of the future 
medical management of the hospital department. 

The further legislation which required weekly reports from 
the hospital surgeons as to the condition and number under 
treatment, was an important step in securing efficiency in the 
medical corps.^ It was surprising that it had been so long 

nients on the subject, and the necessity of my receiving further directions 
from them. 1 should not trouble the Congress on this head, but that I 
imagine they expect I am exerting my best endeavors to relieve the poor 
soldiery from the great distress they suffer daily, and because it is impossi- 
ble Dr. Morgan can pay any attention to them, as he is now busy in estab- 
lishing hospitals at a great distance, on the other side of Hudson's River. 

" I have the honor to be, dear sir, your and the Congress's obedient and 
very humble servant, W. Shipped, Jun. 

" To the Hon. John Hancock." 

[Amer. Arch., 5th ser., vol. iii. p. 618.) 

' ''Perth Amboy, N. J., November 1st, 1776. 
" To Richard Peters, 

" The Board of War : — 

" Dear Sir : Enclosed is a return of the sick in my hospitals. Besides 
these there are in each regiment a number called sick that are not proper 
subjects for the hospital, and under the care of the regimental surgeons, 
though there are no regimental hospitals ; this will account for the differ- 
ence between the number of sick in Colonel Griffin's return and mine, 
Please to mention this to the Board. 

" Your Excellency's humble, obedient servant, 

" W. Shippen, D. H., etc. 

" A return of the sick in the hospitals of Flying Camp and Jersey 
militia: — 

" At Amboy, two hospitals ; sick, 90 ; wounded, 7. Total, 97. 

"At Blizabethtown : sick, 54; wounded, 3; sick from Canada, 25. 
Total, 82. 

" At Fort Lee : sick of our own, 75 ; wounded do., 9 ; distressed New 
England troops, 19. Total, 93. 

" Brunswick : sick, 10. Total, 10. 

"Trenton: sick, 56. Total, 56. 

" Amount of the whole, 338. 

"Gentlemen: The number of sick and wounded in my department is 
three hundred and thirty-eight; four-fifths of them are in a fair way of 
recovery, and will soon join their respective companies. I have not yet 
taken charge of near two thousand that are scattered up and down the 
country in cold barns, and who suffer exceedingly for want of comfortable 



OF THE REVOLUTION. 61 

neglected ; but an examination of this particular phase of 
hos[iital management and military disci[)line makes it a])pa- 
rent that no good system of hospital returns ever came 
into use during the revolutionary war. 

Dr. Morgan, Director-General of Hospitals, made numerous 
appeals to Congress for more definite instructions as to his 
duties and powers over the hospitals in the northern division 
of the army, and particularly as to his furnishing them with 
medicines and making medical appointments in the same. 
It seems that the medical director in that division of the 
army made no report to Dr. Morgan or to Congress of the 
number sick or of his hospital accommodation, ^o informa- 
tion was available on which could be based an exact judg- 
ment as to the medical management of that department. 
Believing it to be his duty, Dr. Morgan liad always sent 
supplies and hospital stores when ap|»lied to, and had on 
one occasion appointed a medical officer, whose services, 
however, were not accepted. 

This loose and unsystematic management Dr. Morgan 
foresaw must lead to unpleasant com[)lications in the de- 
partment, and dissatisfaction with commanders and with 
Congress. The doctor, in his anxiety and almost in despair, 
wrote to Samuel Adams a graphic account of the condition of 
the army in Canada, and suggested relief through additional 
legislation (see Amer. Arch., 4th ser., vol. vi. p. 1069). It can- 
not, therefore, be claimed that Dr. Morgan was either ignorant 
of or indiiierent to the condition and suffering of the troops 
in the northern army. Indeed, it is evident on almost 
every page of the history of this period that he made fre- 
quent and urgent appeals to Congress upon the subject, and 

apartments, because Doctor Morgan does not understand the meaning of 
the honorable Congress in their late resolve, and believes yet they are to 
be under his direction, although they are on this side Hudson's River. He 
is now gone over to take General Washington's opinion ; as soon as I re- 
ceive the general's orders on this subject, I shall exert my best abilities to 
make the miserable soldiery comfortable and happy. 

" 1 have the honor to be, gentlemen, your most obedient and very humble 
servant. W. Shippen, S. G. and D. H., etc." 

{Amer. Arch., 5th ser., vol. iii. p. 4G3.) 



62 MEDICAL MEN 

used his best endeavors to improve the management of the 
medical department in every division of the American army. 
Much complaint of sickness and sufferins:: o'l account of 
deficiencies of medical stores in tlie northern department 
continued to be made to Congress, The physician-in-chief 
of that department would not concede that he was to re- 
ceive orders from Dr. Morgan, who had on all occasions, 
when applied to, promptlj^ sent medical supplies, as was his 
duty, and he had also appointed suitable surgeons to attend 
the soldiers suffering in that region. (See Dr. Morgan's 
letter to Gen. Gates, Amer. Arch., 5th series, vol. ii. p. 106.) 
But his appointees were not recognized, and their pay had 
been refused on technical grounds. Dr. Morgan's explana- 
tion of the condition of affairs was succinct and frank, and 
should have satisfied Congress. Under date of July 18, 1776, 
Dr. Morgan communicated to Gen. Washington a plan for 
the better management of the hospital department.' {Amer. 
Arch., 5th series, vol. i. p. 416.) 

' Dr. Morgan, in a letter to the President of Congress, written at New 
York under date of Aug. 12, 1776, gives a complete history of the medical 
department in the North, and concludes with the following statement of 
his feelings and wishes : "After all I have said, I cheerfully submit the 
propriety of my conduct in making the before-mentioned appointments in 
the general hospitals, and am desirous of conforming strictly to my instruc- 
tions. If I have e.xceeded my commission, it has been for want of knowing 
the designs and resolves of Congress, or their being misunderstood. Should 
the Congress on that footing annul my appointments and make others, I 
must at least stand acquitted of intentionally going beyond the line of duty; 
and it will behoove Congress to be more explicit in respect to its intentions, 
for if the Congress does not suppose the appointment of any new surgeon 
rests with me, of what use is it to recommend one to me for my appro- 
bation ? I must pay an implicit obedience to their simple recommenda- 
tion. In that case, I do not imagine there will be the same security for 
harmony, or for having the business of the hospital so well executed, as 
where the choice of surgeons is left to the director-general, which is an 
additional incentive to industry and an obliging behavior in the surgeon 
thus freely elected to approve himself worthy of the choice. Be that as it 
may, wherever the path of duty is plain, I shall endeavor to walk steadily 
in it, having no design or inclination to exceed those bounds which the 
good of the service or the wisdom of Congress may prescribe to me. I 
entreat your excuse for this long letter, and beg permission to subscribe 
myself, with the greatest respect, your most obedient and very humble 
servant, John Morgan." 



OP THE REVOLUTION, 63 

The spirit of antagonism between the regimental and 
hospital surgeons extended in some instances to the corps 
and regimental commanders. The real source of difficulty 
was defective legislative provision, a want of reciprocal 
courtesies and spirit of accommodation of the different 
departments, and the impossibility on the part of the Direc- 
tor-General to obtain supplies in sufficient quantity at all 
times, or to distribute them with tliat promptness desirable, 
which sudden emergencies and military disasters often ren- 
dered impracticable. Officers of all grades in the various 
departments were in the habit of writing exaggerated com- 
plaints to the Council of Safety and to Congress, and because 
sympathy could most certainly be excited in favor of the 
soldier, the hospital department was taken as the theme 
for denunciation, and accused of most cruel neglect, and in 
some cases of absolute inhumanity, and the gravest charges 
brouo-ht ao;ainst the suro-eons. A ffood illustration of the 
complaints, and the wholesale fault-finding indulged in 
on the part of correspondents, and the inconsiderate ar- 
raignment of the hospital management, as the sole cause 
of discontent, want of comfort, and suffering among the 
troops, may be found in a letter of General W. Smalhvood 
to the Council of Safety of Maryland.^ It is evident from 

' " Philips Heights, Oct. 177G. — Our next greatest suffering proceeds 
from the great neglect of the sick ; and the orders relative to this depart- 
ment are most salutary, were they to be duly attended to ; but here, too, 
there is not only a shameful, but even an inhuman neglect daily exhibited. 
The Directors of the General Hospitals supply and provide for the sick, who 
are extremely remiss and inattentive to the well-being and comfort of these 
unhappy men ; out of this train they cannot be taken. I have withdrawn 
all mine long ago, and had them placed in a comfortable house in the 
country, and supplied with only the common rations. Even this is prefer- 
able to the fare of a General Hospital. Two of these Regimental Hos- 
pitals, after I have had them put in order, one has been taken away by the 
Directors for a General Hospital, and my people turned out of doors, and the 
other would have been taken in the same manner, had I not have applied 
to General Washington, who told me to keep it. The misfortune is, that 
every supply to the Regimental Hospital of necessaries suitable for the 
sick, must come from an order from these Directors, and is very seldom 
obtained. I have more than once applied that my quartermaster might 
furnish and make a charge for what was supplied, by which means I could 



64 MEDICAL MEN 

tliis letter that the commanders had, in their sjm[)athy for 
the regimental surgeons, come to throw emharrassments in 
the way of the execution of the regulations of the Directors 
of the general hospital ; hence the action of Congress of Oct. 
9, 1776^ 

The enthusiasm with which the people had at first rushed 
into the military service, began to be qualified by calm rea- 
son, whilst in some selfish propensities developed themselves 
and influenced individual action. 

Gen. Washington, in a letter of Sept. 24, 1776, had ex- 
pressed to Congress the view that, in order to secure the 
highest etficiencj', tliere ought to be one recognized head to 
the whole medical department.^ 

have rendered the situation of the sick much more comfortable, at a less 
expense, but could not be allowed. I wish this could be obtained. T fore- 
see the evils arising from this shameful neglect in this department. One 
good-seasoned and well-trained soldier, recovered to health, is worth a 
dozen new recruits, and is often easier recovered than to get a recruit, 
exclusive of which this neglect is very discouraging to the soldiery, and 
must injure the service upon the new enlistments, after the troops go into 
winter-quarters." {Amer. Archives, 5th series, vol. ii. p. 1099.) 

' Amer. Annals, 5th series, vol. ii. p. 497. '-No less attention should be 
paid to the choice of surgeons than other officers of the army. They should 
undergo a regular examination, and if not appointed by the Director-Gene- 
ral and surgeons of the hospital, they ought to be subordinate to and gov- 
erned by his directions. 

" The regimental surgeons I am speaking of, many of whom are very great 
rascals, countenancing the men in sham complaints to exempt them from 
duty, and often receiving bribes to certify indispositions with a view to pro- 
cure discharges or furloughs. 

"But independent of these practices, while they are considered as uncon- 
nected with the general hospital, there will be nothing but continual com- 
plaints of each other — the director of the hospital charging them with 
enormity in their drafts for the sick, and they him for denying such things 
as are necessary. In short there is a constant bickering among them which 
tends greatly to the injury of the sick, and will always subsist till the regi- 
mental surgeons are made to look up to the Director-General of the hospi- 
tal as a superior. Whether this is the case in regular armies or not, I can- 
not undertake to say ; but certain I am, there is a necessity for it in this, or 
the sick will suffer. The regimental surgeons are aiming, I am persuaded, 
to break up the General Hospital, and have in numberless instances drawn 
for medicines, stores, etc., in the most profuse and extravagant manner for 
private purposes." 



OF THE REVOLUTION. 65 

This was also Dr. Morgan's view, but he was at the same 
time anxious to conform to the wishes of Congress. 

That General Washington entertained a high regard for 
medical men, and felt bound to secure them full justice in 
the army, is evidenced by his letter to General Smallwood 
of the 13th of January, 1778, relative to the British brig 
Symetry, which had been captured by General SraallwoOd's 
forces in the Delaware near Wilmington. The prize con- 
tained many articles much needed by the officers and soldiers 
in camp; hence the feverish anxiety of all as to the regula- 
tions and principles which should govern the distribution of 
the cargo. The letter, as far as I know, has never been pub- 
lished. It is still in a good state of preservation, and is now 
the property of Dr. James C. Hall, of Washington, D. C. 
A literal copy is given in foot-note.* 

Growing out of the capture referred to in the foregoing 

' Head Quarters, Valley Forge, 13th of Jan. 1778. 

Dear Sir: Since writing to you this morning on the subject of the prize 
Brig Sj'metry, the Regulations of the Field Officers of the Division for 
conducting the Sale and disposing of the cargo was laid before me with a 
letter from the Regimental Surgeons and Mates to Doer. Cochran. These 
Gentlemen feel themselves so much hurt by the discrimination made by 
these Regulations between them and the officers of the division that they 
have sent in their Resignations. 

As the common Guardian of the Rights of every Man in this Army I am 
constrained to interfere in this matter and to say that by these regulations 
a manifest injury is intended not only to the Gentlemen in the medical line, 
but to the whole Staff, who, supposing the prize should be adjudged the 
sole property of the Captors (a matter in my opinion not easily to be recon- 
ciled on principles of equity and Reason), have as good a right to become 
purchasers in the first instance and to all other privileges, as any Officers 
in the Division. 

For these Reasons therefore I desire that you will not proceed to a Sale 
or distribution of any of the Articles, except the Vessel, till you have my 
further directions, and that you will as early as possible transmit me an 
inventory of the Baggage and Stores. 

The letter to Congress is nevertheless to go on, and you will please to 
forward it by the first conveyance. 

I am, Dear Sir, 

Yr. most obt. Servt., 
(Signed) G. Washington. 

General Smallwood. 



66 MEDICAL MEN 

letter was the following request, made by General "Washing- 
ton on the 22d of Jan. 1778, of General Sniallwood, which 
furnishes additional proof of his consideration for medicul 
men and the medical profession, in his desiring to return to 
a British surgeon books and manuscripts taken in " the 
prize Symetry." "A few days ago," he says, " I received 
a very polite letter from Doctor Boyes, Surgeon of the 
15th regiment, British, requesting me to return him some 
valuable medical manuscripts, taken in the brig Syra- 
etry. He says, they are packed in a neat kind of portable 
library^ and consist of Dr. Cullen's lectures on the practice of 
med., thirty-nine or forty vols. ; Cullen's lectures on the In- 
stitutes of Med., eighteen vols.; Anatomical lectures, eight 
vols.; and Dr. Black on Chemistry, nine vols.; the whole 
in octavo. If they can be found, I beg that they may be 
sent up to me, that I may return them to the Doctor. I 
have no other view in doing this, than that of showing our 
enemies that we do not war against the Sciences." {Sparks's 
Life and Writmgs of Washington., vol. v. p. 223.) 

Gen. Washington's views, which were substantially those 
of Dr. Morgan, as to hospital management were at a later 
period adopted. In the interest of good management and 
immediate improvement of the medical department, with 
the approval of Gen. Washington, a conference was had 
early in July, at the request of Dr. Morgan, between the 
regimental surgeons and mates and himself, at which regu- 
lations for the government of the medical department were 
adopted, the first of which we have any record.^ 

• Hospital Regulations. — Regulations agreed upon betwixt the Director- 
General of the American Hospital and the Regimental Surgeons and Mates 
at New York, the day of July, 1776 : — 

Rule \st. That every full regiment or battalion, provided with a surgeon 
and mate, or each brigade, as the occasion may point out, ought to have 
some convenient quarters, to be appropriated by the proper quartermaster, 
for the reception of such of the sick of that corps, and entitled a Regimental 
Hospital; which sick are to be attended by their own regimental surgeons 
and mates. 

2d. That it shall be the business of the surgeons and mates in all regi- 
ments to examine the soldiers in the same who are reported to be unfit for 



OF THE REVOLUTION. 67 

Congress was steadily assuming* a more complete super- 
vision of all military operations (see Journ. of Congress^ 

duty, and to separate from the well those who are sick, and to receive them 
into the Regimental Hospital. 

3c/. That they shall keep a register of those who are admitted into the 
Regimental Hospital, containing the patient's name, the company he be- 
longs to, the days of his admission into and discharge from the hospital 
(agreeable to a form annexed). 

4</i. That he shall make daily returns of the sick iu his regiment to the 
commanding officer of the same, that it may be known who are fit for duty 
and who are not, and that such as are on the doctor's list may not be in- 
cluded in the provision return of the regiment. 

bill. That the surgeon shall every day prescribe the diet of each sick 
person under his care, according to the diet tables established in the Gene- 
ral Hospital, or other suitable tables to be agreed on, under the titles of 
full diet, half diet, spare diet, dry diet, milk diet, etc. 

&th. That he make out and sign the provision return every day for the 
sick, and draw upon the Director-General of the hospital, agreeable to the 
tables of diet before mentioned ; for the regulation of which, weekly returns 
of the number sick (in that week) shall be made out on a stated day, so that 
whatever the price of diet drawn for said sick, shall fall short of the rations 
stopped from the sick during the week, so much may be drawn for their use 
in other stores, as wine, rum, sugar, coffee, tea, molasses, candles, soap, etc. 
[If that surplus of money is not sufficient, there are no other ways to supply 
than either to do it by stoppages of the soldier's pay, as in the British 
army, or by its being advanced by himself, or by the colonel or the captain 
of the regiment to which he belongs, and allowed in his abstract; the 
General Hospital having nothing to do with the expenses of Regimental 
Hospitals, and no provision for the purpose being yet made by the Con- 
gress.] 

1th. That no regimental surgeon shall send any sick from his regiment or 
Regimental Hospital to the Cleneral Hospital without a ticket expressing 
the name of the sick, his company, and the regiment to which he belongs, 
signed by himself or mate, and mentioning likewise the disorder he labors 
under, and the time he has been ill. 

8^/i. That he send none to the General Hospital laboring under infectious, 
putrid, or malignant diseases ; for the introduction of such fevers into a 
general hospital will only injure the persons sent, and may endanger the 
surgeons, mates, and other officers, as well as all that are sick of other dis- 
eases in the General Hospital, engender the jail or hospital fever, and ruin 
the army. Such sick are to be kept separate, if possible, and be taken care 
of by the regimental surgeon. 

Wi. That whatever stores or utensils may be wanted for the use of a 
Regimental Hospital, whether kettles to cook victuals, blankets, etc., they 
ought to be got from the Quartermaster-General's store, or procured from 



68 MEDICAL MEN 

April 7, 1777), yet the s})rrit of independence in the colonies, 
and indeed the necessity of their home defence, rendered it 
necessary to maintain a colonial as well a continental army. 
A proper subordination was often difficult, but with good 
will for a basis, system and order, and therefore strength, 
were gradually developing in all the departments.* 

the same place and in the same manner as the like articles are procured for 
the well soldiers of the regiment, to be provided by an order from the 
colonel, the surgeon to give his receipt for and take care of the same ; for 
the preservation of which he may establish such regulations as he sees fit. 

lOth. That as the medicine chest, and a number of articles, as old linen, 
bandages, etc., have been supplied to regiments at the voluntary motion of 
the Director-General of the General Hospital, with the approbation of the 
Commander-in-chief, whenever the regiments are disbanded all such par- 
ticulars are to be returned into the General Hospital ; otherwise, when new 
troops are levied, under the present scarcity and difficulty to procure them, 
it may not be practicable or easy to supply the army again with those arti- 
cles for another year. 

11th. That for every Regimental Hospital a cook ought to be allowed, to 
prepare the diet of the sick agreeable to the tables, or nurses who may 
serve for cooks, one to every ten men ; the pay the same as in the Generaj 
Hospital, viz., half a dollar per week, and ration allowed (by the regiment). 

12th. That each regimental hospital ought to have a corporal's guard, or 
at least three men, one of which to stand sentinel at the hospital door, to 
prevent the sick from leaving the hospital without permission from the sur- 
geon, and to keep persons from going in without orders, to disturb the sick, 
or carry liquor to them. 'J'he other persons, whilst relieved from standing 
sentinel, to serve for a time as v/aiters, and obey the surgeon and his mate, 
in respect to any assistance which may be reasonably required in behalf of 
the sick. 

Lastly. That in all cases not provided for by the foregoing or any future 
regulations that may be agreed upon, the surgeons and mates shall observe 
the customs and usages of the Britivsh army, and shall at all times obey 
such orders as they shall (in the Avay of duty) receive from the Directoi-- 
General for the treatment of the sick, or for the discharge of the duties of 
their station. [American Archives, 5th series, vol. i. p. 108.) 

' Nov. 29, 177G, Congress resolved that the Medical Committee be directed 
to provide sufficient quantities of antiscorbutic for the use of the hospitals 
in the Northern army. 

That the hospital at Fort George be continued for the reception of soldiers 
laboring with contagious diseases, and that there be a general hospital 
erected on Mount Independence. That a suitable spot of ground for a 
garden be inclosed in the neighborhood of the general hospital to supply 
the army with vegetables, and that laborers be hired to cultivate it under 



OF THE REVOLUTION, 69 

With a view to further improve the medical department, 
Co'ngress, on the 30th of Sept. 1776, passed resolutions j-e- 
quiring examiners to be appointed to determine upon the 
qualifications of those applying to enter the medical service, 
and requiring their approval hefdre appointments should be 
confirmed.' 

The General Assembly of Connecticut, whose soldiers had 
been largelj^ employed in the lake region, where tliere had 
been much suftering from sickness, and possibly ineflScient 
management on the part of the medical officers, passed, Oct. 
1776, a resolution to create a committee of medical gentle- 
men to examine applicants for admission as surgeons and 
mates into the army and navy belonging to the colony. The 
form of an oath was at the same time prescribed which the 
examiners were required to subscribe to.^ 

the direction of an overseer to be appointed by the general or commanding 
officer. 

'I'hat the general or commanding officer in each of the armies cause strict 
inquiry to be made into the conduct of the directors of the hospitals, and 
their surgeons, officers, and servants, and of regimental surgeons, that if 
there has been any just ground of complaint in those departments, the 
offenders may be punished. That the colonel or commanding officer of 
every regiment make frequent inquiry into the health of the men under his 
command, and report the state thereof, with any negligence, malpractice, or 
other misconduct of the surgeons and others, to the General, and to Con- 
gress, delivering copies of such reports to all persons therein accused. 

• Journ. of Cong., Sept. 30. 1776. " That it be recommended to the legis- 
latures of the United States to appoint gentlemen in their respective States, 
skilful in physic and surgery, to examine those who offer to serve as surgeons 
or surgeons' mates in the army or navy ; and that no surgeon or mate shall 
hereafter receive a conmiission or warrant to act as such in the army or 
navy who shall not produce a certificate from some one of the examiners so 
to be appointed, to prove that he is qualified to execute the office. That 
all regimental surgeons and mates, as well as those of the hospital, be sub- 
ject to the direction and control of the directors in the several departments. 

" That no soldier be discharged from the service as disabled, unless the 
certificate of disability be countersigned by the director, assistant physician, 
or first surgeon of the hospital, nor be excused from duty for sickness, unless 
the certificate of sickness be countei'signed by one of those persons where 
access may be had to them." 

2 Amer. Arch., vol. iii., 5th series, p. 455. " Resolved by this Assembly, 
That Doctors Alexander "Wolcott, John Dickinson, John Watrous, Eneas 
Munson, Leveret Hubbard, Elias Camington, Elisha Tracy, Bcnj. Gale, 



70 MEDICAL MEN 

The leading men of Connecticut were patriotic, vigilant, 
and well informed in what was essential in raising and 
properly equipping an army. Her soldiers were brave, and 
among the earliest to take the field and win distinction by 
their prowess ; they were poorly supplied for a long cam- 
paign, however. The comfort of the soldier and his care and 
skilful treatment when sick or wounded was held to be a 
paramount duty of the oflicers and the State government. 
Connecticut was the first to suggest and to put in operation 
convalescent hospitals,' which, no doubt, prevented much suf- 

Eleazar Mather, Piatt Townsend, Amos Mead, James Cogswell, John Clark, 
Elisha Lord, Samuel Lee, Eeuben Smith, Elisha Sill, and Seth Bird, or any 
three of them, be appointed, and they hereby are appointed and authorized 
to examine such persons within this State, as may offer themselves to serve 
as surgeons or surgeons' mates in the Continental Army or Navy, and upon 
full evidence of proper and sufficient qualifications to give certificates accord- 
ingly. And it is further resolved by this Assembly, That said examiners, and 
all others who may hereafter be appointed for the same purpose, shall be under 
oath for their faithful performance of their trust, according to their best skill 
and judgment. That the form of said oath shall be as follows, viz. : You, 
A. B., being appointed to examine those persons within this State who 
shall offer to serve as surgeons or surgeons' mates in the Continental Army 
or Navy, do swear by the name of the everlasting God, that you will faith- 
fully and impartially execute said trust, according to your best skill and 
judgment, and give certificates to such as you shall find qualified to serve 
in said office, without respect of person or favor to any man. So help you 
God. Which oath any one Assistant Justice of the Peace is hereby author- 
ized and directed, on request, to administer to the examiners that are or 
shall be appointed for the purpose aforesaid." 

' Connecticut Assembly, Oct. 1776. "Resolved, by this Assembly, that 
a hospital shall be provided and maintained by this State for the reception 
and relief of such soldiers from this State as shall serve in the Continental 
Army, and such of the militia from this State as may from time to time 
join said army during the present war. 

" That said hospital shall be under the direction of a chief surgeon or 
director, appointed by this State, and shall be furnished with skilful sur- 
geons, medicines, and other necessaries. That the director or chief surgeon 
shall have the custody of the stores of medicines and other refreshments 
from time to time for the use and relief of the sick, who shall issue the same 
to the regimental surgeons as the necessities of their respective regiments 
require. 

"And be it further Resolved, That his honor the Governor and his Council 
of Safety be authorized and directed, with the advice of his excellency the 
General, to provide such hospital, appoint surgeons and other proper 



OP THE REVOLUTION. 71 

fering, and assisted in restoring many to health and future 
usefnhiess in the army, who, if longer neglected, would have 
sunk beyond recovery. Perhaps the largest of the general 
hospitals in this State was at Stamford, of which Dr. Philip 
Turner was the surgeon in charge. 

To meet the requirements of the service in supplying and 

officers, give orders for procuring proper medicines and refreshments, and 
regulate the issuing the same from said hospital as they shall judge most 
likely to answer the good ends intended to be attained by this resolve. 

"And be it further Resolved, That four hundred bed sacks, four hundred 
shirts, and four hundred blankets and eight hundred sheets be immediately 
procured for the use of the sick in said hospital, all which shall be delivered 
to the chief surgeon, taking his receipt to be accountable for the same." 
{Amer. Arch., 5th series, vol. iii. p. 456.) 

The meeting of the Governor and the Council of Safety of Connecticut, 
Sept. 18, 1776, took the following action : — 

" Tt being represented to this board that many of the troops from this 
State are returning home sick and wounded, and that they are exposed to 
suffer for want of proper accommodations and refreshments : 

" Voted and Resolved, That convenient hospitals be provided for the 
reception and accommodation of the troops from the army, at and near New 
York, who are sick, on furlough, or discharged; that one or more such hos- 
pitals be procured in every town between New Haven and King's Bridge, 
in the State of New York ; that a suitable person be employed at each of 
said hospitals, whose duty it shall be to see that the same be furnished with 
provisions and refreshments for the use of the sick and wounded soldiers 
that may be received there, and that they be properly attended and taken 
care of therein ; that the selectmen in the towns from New Haven to 
Greenwich be appointed and empowered, on behalf of the State, to take up 
and provide such hospitals in their respective towns, and to procure proper 
persons to oversee and furnish said hospitals as aforesaid, and also to ex- 
amine into the state and circumstances of sick soldiers belonging to this 
State on the road home, and to afford them such assistance as they judge 
necessary, and that Mr. Elkanah Tisdale be appointed to provide such 
hospitals in the State of New York, and appoint overseers to furnish them 
as aforesaid ; that an order be drawn on the pay-table to draw upon the 
treasurer to pay said Elkanah Tisdale the sum of £100 lawful money, to 
enable him on his part to carry this resolve into execution, and render his 
account of the same ; and that said Tisdale do communicate, and leave attested 
copies of this resolve, with the several selectmen aforesaid; and that he do 
also advise with and ask the assistance of the committees in the State of 
New York, and also of General Washington (if necessary), in executing 
this resolve as aforesaid (order drawn and delivered to Mr. Tisdale, Sept. 
20, 1776)." [Amer. Arch., 5th series, vol. ii. p. 387.) 



72 MEDICAL MEN 

distribiitinc; medicines and hospital stores to tlie army, Con- 
gress, in August, appointed Dr. AVilliam Smith, of Phila- 
delphia, a druggist to the army, with a salary of $30 per 
month. Dr. Stringer, having failed to give satisfaction, not- 
withstanding the strong personal friendship of Gen. Schuy- 
ler for him, was dismissed on the 9th of January, 1777, and 
Dr. Potts was directed, by 4 resolution of Congress, January 
14, 1777, to supersede him in authority. The strenuous 
efforts of Dr. Morgan to place the hospital de})artment on a 
better footing had caused many interested, and some incom- 
petent parties to oppose him. This clamor against the doc- 
tor increased as the troops and officers collected in Philadel- 
phia and mingled in society; and it was so pressed by his 
opponents, that he was at length summarily dismissed Jan. 
9, 1777, without a liearing. His reputation was practically 
sacrificed, and his eminent abilities lost to his country.' 

The doctor presented to Congress a defence of his official 
course while Medical Director of the Continental Army, and 
asked that an inquiry be made into his conduct. The sub- 
ject was referred to a committee, but a report was not made 
until June 12, 1779. This report fully exonerated him from 
blame, but did not restore him to service, and placed the 
cause of removal on grounds of public policy.^ 

' Jan. 9, 1777. "Congress resumed the consideration of the Medical 
Committee, Avhereupon, Resolved, That Dr. John Morgan, Director-General, 
and Dr. Samuel Stringer, Director of the Hospital in the Northern Depart- 
ment of the Army of the United States, be and they are hereby dismissed 
from any further services in said ofl'ices. That the directors of the military 
hospitals throughout the army, with the assistance of the hospital and regi- 
mental surgeons in each department, make returns to Congress, as soon as 
possible, of the kind and quantity of medicines, instruments, and hospital 
furniture that remain on hand." 

^ June 12, 1779. " Congress took into consideration the report of the com- 
mittee, consisting of Mr. Drayton, Mr. Harvie, Mr. Witherspoon, to whom 
was referred the memorial of Dr. John Morgan, late director-general and 
physician-in-chief in the general hospitals of the United States, and there- 
upon came to the following resolutions: Whereas, by the report of the 
medical committee, confirmed by Congress on the 9th of August, 1777, it 
appears that Dr. John Morgan, late director-general and chief physician of 
the general hospitals of the United States, had been removed from office on 
the 9th of January, 1777, by reason of the general complaint of persons of all 



OF THE REVOLUTION. 73 

Congress on the 7th of April, 1777, resumed the considera- 
tion of a report on the hospitals. Plans had been proposed 
by Dr. John Cochran and Dr. Wm. Shippen, patterned after 
those of the British Army, which received the endorsement 
of Gen. Washington, and were adopted. (See Journal of 
Congress, April 7, 1777.) These latter regulations were more 
explicit in prescribing the duties and powers of the depart- 
ment of medicine, and it divided the country into military 
districts, namely. Eastern, Northern, Middle, and inferen- 
tially a Southern division, also making appointments of 
medical otRcers for each. The military rank of the medical 
staiF was also better defined. Dr. James Tilton, in his little 
work on hospitals, says that there were, in 1781, thirteen 
divisions of military commands of major-generals. iSTew 
hospital regulations were also presented and adopted by Con- 
gress, Sept'^ 30, 1780.^ 

ranks in the army, and the critical state of affairs at that time; and that, the 
said Dr. John Morgan requesting an inquiry into his conduct, it was thought 
proper that a committee of Congress should be appointed for that purpose. 
And, whereas, on the 18th day of September last, such a committee was 
appointed, before whom the said Dr. John Morgan hath in the most satisfac- 
tory manner vindicated his conduct in every respect as director-general and 
physician-in chief, upon the testimony of the commander-in-chief, general 
officers, officei-s in the general hospital department, and other officers in the 
army, showing that the said director-general did conduct himself ably and 
faithfully in discharge of the duties of his office; therefore Eesolved, That 
Congress are satisfied with the conduct of Dr. John Morgan while acting 
as director-general and physician-in-chief in the general hospitals of the 
United States, and that this resolution be published." 

' April 11, 1777. Congress then proceeded to election of officers in the 
hospital department, and the ballots l)eing taken. 

Dr. Wm. Shippen, Jun., was chosen, by unanimous ballot of the thirteen 
States, director-general of all the military hospitals for the armies of the 
United States. 

Dr. Walter Jones, physician general of the hospital in the middle depart- 
ment. 

Dr. Benj. Rush, surgeon-general of the hospital in the middle department. 

Dr. John Cochran, physician and surgeon-general of the army in the mid- 
dle department. 

Dr. Isaac Forster, deputy director-general of the hospital in the eastern 
department. 

Dr. Ammi Ruhamah Cutter, physician-general of the hospital in the 
eastern department. 



74 MEDICAL MEN 

The surgeons and mates had from 1776 been petitioning 
Congress for an increase of pay. In May, 1778, it was raised 
to $60 for surgeons, and $40 for mates. As depreciation in 
the Continental currency increased, even this pay became 
inadequate to their support. August 24, 1780, as an induce- 
ment to officers to continue in the service to the end of the 
war, Congress had devised and established a system of half- 
pay and commutation at the end of the war, which was so 
amended as to benefit widows and orphans, but in none of 
these acts was the hospital department or surgeons and mates 
included. The schedule of pay adopted by Congress in 1780, 
therefore, but slightly improved the medical department, and 
did not, as was expected it would, include medical officers 
among those entitled to half pay, etc. But on July 17, 1781, 
a law was passed placing surgeons and surgeons' mates upon 
an equal footing with other officers of similar grade. 

Virginia, with her immense territory of unoccupied lands, 
early made liberal provisions for disposing of it as a bounty or 
as land grants to her soldiers, including surgeons and mates 
who served to the close of the war either in her army or 
navy. This State finally ceded all her western lands to the 
United States. 

About 70 surgeons and surgeons' mates received land from 
Virginia for services rendered in the Revolutionary war.^ 

Dr. Philip Turner, surgeon-general of the hospital in the eastern depart- 
ment. 

Dr. William Burnet, physician and surgeon-general of the army in the 
eastern department. 

Dr. Jonathan Potts, deputy director-general of the hospital in the north- 
ern department. 

Dr. Malachi Treat, physician-general, ditto. 

Dr. Forgue, surgeon-general, ditto. 

Dr. John Bartlett, physician and surgeon-general of the army of the 
northern department. 

' List of physicians known to have received land from the State of Vir- 
ginia — 

Alexander, Archibald, Contin'tal Surg. Brown, Joseph, Continental Surgeon. 

Alexander, Geo. D., " " Brown, AVm., " " 

Baldwin, Cornelius, " " Calvert, Jonathan, Surgeon's Mate. 

Brodie, Ludovick, State Surgeon. Carter, Thomas, State Surgeon. 

Brown, Daniel, Continental Surgeon. Carter, Wm., Sr., Continental Surgeon. 



OF THE REVOLUTION. 



75 



From this time forward, the medical department had 
fewer annoyances, because of the better defined rules and 
srreater familiarity with duties; the higher standard of 
qualification demanded for surgeons and surgeons' mates in 
the regimental and hospital departments, also adding greatly 
both to efficiency and harmony. 

There was, however, much suffering in the army, and also 
in the hospital department, during the year 1777-78, chiefly 
from scarcitv of funds and deficient supplies of all kinds. 
Those were without exaggeration the dark years of the Revo- 
lution But the fortitude and determination of the people 
were equal to the crisis. Nothing is so difficult as a begin- 
nino- The machinery for recruiting and supporting armies 
in the field was now getting into full operation, so that final 
success depended upon good generalship and the wisdom ot 
Cono-ress. If any army and country ever possessed these, 



Choplin, Benj., Surg. Navy. 

Christie, Thomns, Continental Surgeon. 

Clements, Mace, " 

Craik, James, 

Davis, Joseph, 

DeBennevilie, Daniel, " 

Dixon, Anthony, 

Dixon, Anthony F., State Surg. 

Draper, George, Continental Surgeon. 

Duff, Edward, 

Evans, George, 

Fullerton, Humphrey, " 

Gnlt, John M., 

Gait, Patrick, " " 

Gay, Samuel, " 

Gould, David, " 

Graham, Stephe,n, Hosp. Mate. 

Green, Charles, State Surg. 

Greer, Charles, Surg. Navy. 

Greer, Charles, Continental Surgeon. 

Griffith, David, Cont'l Surg, and Chap. 

Hamm, Valentine, State Surg. 

Hay, Joseph, " 

Holmes, David, Continental Surgeon. 

Hunter, George, Surg. Navy. 

Irvine, Matthew, Continental Surgeon. 

Julian, John, " 

Lendrum, Thos., Surg. Mate State Navy. 
Livingston, Justice, Surg. Navy. 



Lyons, John, Surg. Mate State Navy. 

Macky, Robert, Continental Surgeon. 

McClurg, Walter. Surg. Navy. 

McMechen. Wra., Continental Surgeon. 

Middleton, Bassett, 

Monroe, George, 

Pell, Joseph S., Surg. Navy. 

Pelhiim, Wm-, Continental Surgeon. 

Pitt, John, Surg. Navy. 

Pope, Matthew, State Surg. 

Pratt, Shuball, Continental Surgeon. 

Quinlan, Joseph, " 

Ramsay, John, 

Ray. Andre, State Surg. 

Richman, Wm., Col. Continental Army. 

Roberts, John, State Surg. 

Rose, Robert, Continental Surgeon. 
Rumney, Wm., 

Seigle, Frederick, " 

Selden, Wilson C, State Surg. 

Sharpless, John, Surg. Navy. 

Shinner, Alex., Continental Surgeon. 

Slanter, Augustin, " 

Smith, Samuel, " 

Snead, Robert, Surg. Navy. 

Swoope, John, " 

Taylor, Charles, Continental Surgeon. 

Trezvant, John, 

Wallace, James, " 



76 MEDICAL MEN 

America was favored with them to an unexampled degree. 
All subsequent legislation upon hospital matters was in the 
direction of perfecting plans already inaugurated, the details 
of which may be found in the Journals of Congress. The 
separation of the purveying from the hospital management 
was an important step in giving confidence to this branch 
of the service. 

From what has been said, I trust you may be able to 
gather some idea of the difficulties that at first surrounded 
the surgeons of the Revolution, and the steps which led up 
to the systematic organization now existing in the medical 
department of the United States Army. 

Of course, in the hundred years just passed, there have 
been many amendatory enactments and changes to bring the 
latter bod}^ to its present efficiency, which is not excelled by 
any similar organization in the world, and which has re- 
ceived repeated compliments from the profession and govern- 
ments in Europe. 

Large hospitals were established in the vicinity of New 
York, and a continental hospital was erected at Providence, 
R. L, and the college building used. A general hospital, 
under the direction of Dr. John Warren, was opened at Long 
Island. After the battle of August, 1776, it was removed 
to liackensack ; one had already been established at Albany. 
We find in a report of Dr. Shippen to the board of war, 1st 
N'ovember, 1776, that there were in New Jersey two hospitals 
at Amboy, one at Elizabeth, one at Fort Lee, one at Bruns- 
wick, and one at Trenton. In Pennsylvania, there was a 
number of hospitals in and near Philadelphia. A large 
general hospital was established at Bethlehem, in which 
Dr. Tilton says that one of the hospital surgeons, Dr. Jos. 
Harrison, died of typhoid fever contracted in the discharge 
of his duties. A severe form of this fever had prevailed in 
the hospital at Trenton. The poor-house at Philadelphia 
was used as an hos[)ital during the time the army lay in 
the vicinity of the city. There was also a general hospital 
at Alexandria and another at Williamsburg, Va. I have 
not had the time to look up dates when hospitals were estab- 
lished at other points in the South. 



OF THE REVOLUTION. 77 

It is not my purpose to dwell upon the class of diseases the 
surgeons of the army were called upon to treat, the skill with 
which they discharged their duty, or the character and suita- 
bility of the structures used as hospitals. To do this with 
judgment would require much time and a different study 
from that which I projected for this discourse. I may, how- 
ever, remark that it is to be regretted that so few of the 
surgeons of the war have left records of their observations 
and experience. The number who have done so can be 
readily counted on the fingers: Thacher's Military Journal, 
Tilton on Military Hospitals, Rush's Observations on Dis- 
ease in Military Hospitals of the United States, and Dr. 
Ebenezer Beardsley's History of Dysentery in the 22d Con- 
necticut Regiment, published in Proceedings of Conn. Med. 
Society. 

The surgeons of that period had better results, considering 
their means and hospital facilities, than we could expect, 
wedded as they were to salves, lint, and the cumbersome 
poultice dressings. 

The character of the hospitals themselves is commented 
on to some extent by Dr. Tilton.* 

• "I mention it not with a design to reflect on any man, that in the fatal 
year 1777, when the director-general had the entire direction of practice in 
our hospitals, as well as the whole disposal of the stores, he was interested 
in the increase of sickness, and the consequent increase of expense, so far, 
at least, as he would be profited by a greater quantity of money passing 
through his hands. . . . Having no written instructions as to the pro- 
portion of sick, or subjects proper for the general hospital, it is of great 
importance to attend carefully to such observations relative to this matter 
as we are able to collect. The scale of the hospitals seems to be different 
in different services. The French make greater hospital provisions than 
the English, and the English than the Germans. Yet the French lose 
more men of camp diseases than the English, and the English than the 
Germans ; and, I may add, the Americans have outdone all their prede- 
cessors in the pomp and extravagance of their hospital arrangements, and 
have surpassed all other nations in the destruction and havoc thereby com- 
mitted on their fellow-citizens. It would be shocking to humanity to relate 
the history of our general hospital in the years 1777 and 1778, when it 
swallowed up at least one-half of our army, owing to a fatal tendency in 
the system to throw all the sick of the army into the general, hospital. 



78 • MEDICAL MEN 

This occasion will not afford time to discuss the career of 
all the physicians and surgeon-generals and deputies of the 

whence crowds infection, and consequent mortality, too affecting to men- 
tion. . . . 

"The flying hospital, being only useful when the army is in the field, 
should be a temporary institution. In every service, except the American, 
it is considei'ed as a branch of the general hospital, under the same common 
head, and managed by the same set of officers, so as to maintain a recipro- 
cal and common interest. It is very different in our army, where a chief 
physician and all subordinate arrangements constitute a flying hospital of 
permanent institution, and, consequently, a great extravagance, and, cre- 
ating a distinction of interests between the flying and general hospitals, 
might in worse hands than at present be attended with dangerous conse- 
quences ; for the former may at pleasure, and without restraint, send all 
their sick to the latter, and crowd them, regardless of consequences. . . . 
The method he most approves is by a board of physicians or surgeons of 
the army (who are certainly the best judges), and observes that very mis- 
chievous consequences ensued to the British army when that salutary 
method, by some neglect, fell through, and the appointments were made by 
the surgeons only. . . . This board would be always at hand, and 
would have nothing to divert it from its proper duty. It would specially 
prevent any misunderstanding between officers of the line and the hospital, 
and bring them into that perfect concert and harmony most advantageous 
to the sick. . . . 

" I know that in Britain a high degree of civilization and luxury have 
divided the practice of physic and surgery, and that, after the fashion of 
their country, the British are in some measure obliged to put these profes- 
sions into diflfei'ent hands in their military hospitals. It is, however, very 
diflFerent in our country, where every medical character practises both pro- 
fessions ; and it is found by experience, in our army, to be impracticable 
to separate these duties. Dr. Jones of New York, in his useful treatise 
published at the commencement of the war, has said enough to dissuade us 
from this error. . . . 

"And from a regard to truth, I hope to be pardoned for the assertion, that 
the invidious distinction made, by the new arrangement between hospital 
physicians and chief hospital physicians, must be worse than useless as well 
as unprecedented. . . . 

"The ignorance and irregularities of the men, in a new scene of life, sub- 
ject them to numberless diseases. The sick flow in a regular current to the 
hospitals ; these are crowded so as to produce infection, and mortality ensues 
too affecting to be described. 

" Our revolutionary army exemplified this misfortune in a mannershocking 
to humanity. The flying camp of 1776 melted like snow in the field; 
dropped like rotten sheep on their straggling rout home, where they commu- 



OF THE REVOLUTION. 79 

different departments. They numbered twenty-three in all 
to the close of the war. 

nicated the camp infection to their friends and neighbors, of whom many 

died 

" After the battles of Brandywine, Red Bank, etc., a general hospital was 
established in the College of Princeton, where I was a prescribing surgeon. 
The sick and wounded flowing promiscuously without restraint into the hos- 
pital, it soon became infectious, and was attended with great mortality. I 
caught the jail fever myself, and narrowly escaped with my life. After a 
tedious illness I got leave to return home for the recovery of my health. 
The enemy occupying Philadelphia at that time, it became necessary for 
me to take a circuitous route to the State of Delaware through Bethlehem 
in Pennsylvania. At Bethlehem was another hospital, and I found it con- 
venient to rest there a day or two. During my stay it was natural to in- 
quire into the state of their hospital. The method I took was to propose a 
competition, not whose hospital had done the most good, but whose hospital 
had done the most mischief. I was requested to give an account of Prince- 
ton Hospital. I stated with all the exaggeration I could with truth, not 
only an affecting mortality among the sick and wounded soldiers, but that 
the orderly men, nurses, and other attendants in the hospital were liable to 
the infection. That I had myself narrowly escaped death, and that five 
other surgeons and mates had afterwards been seized. I was answered that 
the malignancy and mortality of Princeton Hospital bore no comparison 
with theirs. That at Bethlehem not an orderly man or nurse escaped, and 
but few of the surgeons. That one surgeon, Jas. Harrison, a fine young 
fellow, distinguished for his assiduity, had died. And to give me some idea 
of the mortality of their hospital, one of the surgeons asked me if 1 were 
acquainted with that fine volunteer regiment of Virginia, commanded, I 
think, by Col. Gibson ? I answered I knew it only by reputation. He then 
went on to say that forty of that regiment had come to their hospital, and 
then asked me how many I supposed would ever join the regiment? I 
guessed a third or fourth part. He declared solemnly that not three would 
ever return, that one man had joined his regiment, that another was con- 
valescent and might possibly recover, but that the only remaining one be- 
sides was in the last stage of the colliquative flux and must soon die. I 
was obliged to acknowledge the hospital at Bethlehem had been more fatal 
than at Princeton. . . . Many melancholy instances might be adduced 
of infection in the American encampment. I will mention one. In the 
year 177G, when the army was encamped in the State of New York, our raw 
and undisciplined condition at that time subjected the soldiers to great 
irregularity. Besides a great loss and want of clothing, the camp became 
especially filthy. All manner of excrementitious matter was scattered in- 
discriminately through the camp, insomuch that you were offended by a dis- 
agreeable smell almost everywhere within the lines. A putrid diarrhoea 
was the consequence. The camp disease, as it was called, became prover- 



80 MEDICAL MEN 

Their names are : Drs. John Bartlett, James Brown, AVm. 
Brown, N'atlianiel Brownson, Wm. Burnett, Benj. Church, 
John Cochran, James Craik, Amri R. Cutter, Peter Fays- 
soux, Isaac Foster, Walter Jones, Adam Kuhn, Charles 
McKnight, John Morgan, David Oliphant, Jonathan Potts, 
Benjamin Rush, Wm. Shippen, Samuel Stringer, Malachi 
Treat, and Philip Turner. 

Bartlett, John. Appointed hj Congress April 11, 1777, 
to be physician and surgeon-general of the army iu the 
northern department. There was a Dr. Bartlett at New- 

bial. Many died, melting as it were and running off by the bowels. Medi- 
cine answered little or no purpose. A billet in the country was only to be 
relied upon. "When the enemy moved up the East River, our army moved 
to White Plains, and left their infectious camp and the attendant diseases 
behind them. It was remarkable during this disorderly campaign, before 
our officers and men could be reduced to strict discipline and order, the 
army was always more healthy when in motion than in fixed camps. . . . 

"It is impossible to account for the obstinacy and fatality of those bowel 
complaints which affected the soldiers, neither from the nature of the clime 
or soil, but from a poisonous infection. . . . I have no register or record 
from whence to prove the proportion of deaths in the American army, but 
have no hesitation in declaring it as my opinion that we lost not less than 
from ten to twenty of camp diseases for one by weapons of the enemy. . . . 

" 'J'ents, I should suppose, would be jiarticularly proper in warm climates 
as well as in our warm summer seasons. 'J hey may be opened at pleasure 
so as to admit the most free current of air. It is much easier to pitch the 
number of tents requisite than to prepare houses. The number of tents 
may also be proportioned to the number of sick, so as to run no risk of 
crowding them. I have used common horseman's tents and long tents 
formed like the roof of an house prepared expressly for hospital purposes. 

" But in cold climates and winter seasons some better protection than tents 
afford may be necessary. In such cases the best hospital I have ever con- 
trived was upon the plan of an Indian hut. The fire was built in the midst 
of the ward, without any chimney, and the smoke circulating round about 
passed off through an opening about four inches wide in the ridge of the 
roof. The common surface of the earth served for the floor. The patients 
laid with their heads to the wall round about, and their feet were all turned 
to the fire. The wards were thus completely ventilated. The smoke con- 
tributed to combat infection without giving the least offence to the patients, 
for it always rose above their heads before it spread abroad in the ward, and 
more patients could be crowded with impunity iu such wards than in any 
other I have seen tried. 'J'his was the expedient I employed iu the hard 
winter of 1779-80, when the army was hutted near Morris 'J'own, and I was 
well satisfied with the experiment." 



OF THE REVOLUTION, 81 

buryport, wlio, on the 4th November, 1776, had charge of 
the sick belonging to the fleet. If this is not the same, I 
know of no other reference to him in the literature of the 
Revolution. In the reorganization of the medical corps, 
1780, this name does not appear, and it is probable that he 
did not enter upon the duty, or he did not remain long in 
the service. 

Brown, James, was appointed bj^ Congress May 15, 1781, 
chief physician of the southern army. There was a surgeon 
of this name inCapt. James Keats's company of Minute Men 
that marched from Queen Anne's County, Maryland, Feb- 
ruary 3, 1776. 

Brown, William, M.D., was the son of the Rev. Richard, 
and grandson of Dr. Gustavus Brown, Sr., of Rich Hills, near 
Port Tobacco, Md. ; born, probably, in Haddingtonshire, 
Scotland, wliere his grandfather left an entailed estate. His 
education, both academical and professional, was obtained at 
the renowned University of Edinburgli, where he received 
his degree of M.D. in 1770. Ilis thesis was " De Viribus 
Atmosphcerffi." On returning to America, he settled to 
practise his profession in Alexandria, Va., where he soon 
rose to the first rank in his profession. He was a man of 
polished manners and high literary culture, and was inti- 
mately acquainted with Washington, Jefferson, Madison, 
and the leading men of the day. September 20, 1776, he 
had been elected assistant to Dr. Shippen. He had served 
as a regimental surgeon in Col. Woodford's command of 
Virginia troops. He was elected, upon the recommendation 
of Dr. Hugh Mercer, by the Provincial Congress, February 
7, 1778, to be physician-general of the middle department, 
in the room of Dr. Rush. July 21, 1780, he resigned, and 
returned to practice. He married Miss Catharine Scott, of 
Kalorama, near Washington City, by wdiom he raised a 
numerous family. One of his sons, Gustavus Alexander, 
studied medicine, and practised a number of years in Alex- 
andria. The subject of this notice was buried at Preston, 
the Alexander estate, in Fairfax County, near Alexandria. 

Brownson, Nathaniel, a physician of Liberty County, 
Georgia, a statesman, and an early supporter of the rights of 
6 



82 MEDICAL MEN 

his country. He was a graduate of Yale College in 1761. 
In 1775 he was a member of the Provincial Congress ; was 
for some time a surgeon in the army; was the presiding 
officer of the Legislature of 1781, by which body he was 
chosen Governor of Georgia; served in the Revolutionary 
War ; a surgeon in the Continental army ; was a member of 
the Continental Congress 1776-78, and was speaker of the 
Georgia House of Representatives in 1788 ; was president of 
the Senate in 1789-91, and member of the Convention that 
formed the State Constitution. 

Burnett, William, was the son of Ichabod Burnett, a dis- 
tinguished physician of Elizabetlitown, New Jersey. After 
graduating at Xassau Hall in 1749, he studied medicine with 
Dr. Staats, of Xew York, and had commenced practice in 
his parent State; but the trouble with the mother country 
coming, he relinquished a lucrative business, and entered 
actively into the political movements of the day. He was 
chairman of the Committee of Public Safety. In 1775 he 
was superintendent of a military hospital established on his 
owii responsibility at iJ^ewark. In the winter of 1776 he 
was elected member of the Continental Congress. On the 
11th October, 1777, he was appointed hy Congress to be 
physician and surgeon -general of the army in the eastern 
department; he accordingly resigned his seat in Congress, 
and entered upon the arduous duty, which he continued to 
discharge till the close of the war, 1783. He dined with 
Gen. Arnold in the evening that Maj. Andre was arrested. 
At the close of the war, the doctor returned to his family, 
and devoted himself to his profession and agricultural pur- 
suits. Soon after lie was appointed presiding Judge of the 
Court of Common Pleas by the Legislature of Kew Jersey, 
and was also elected President of the State Medical Society. 
He was a polished classical scholar, and was esteemed as a 
gentleman and Christian. Died October 7, 1791. The epi- 
taph upon his tombstone reads thus: "In all his public ser- 
vices he exhibited in the cause of his beloved country un- 
shaken firmness, zeal, patriotism, and fidelity." 

Cochran, John, M. D., was born in Chester Co., Pa., in 1730. 
His father, a .farmer, came from the north of Ireland. He 



OF THE REVOLUTION. 83 

never received a collegiate edncation, but at an early day 
began to study physic in the office of Dr. Thomson of Lan- 
caster. In the French war, which began 1755, he served as 
a surgeon's mate in the hospital department. At the close of 
the war he settled in Albany, and married Gertrude Schuyler, 
the only sister of Gen. Schuyler. He soon removed to New 
Brunswick, I^ew Jersey. On the recommendation of Wash- 
ington he was appointed April 11, 1777, physician and sur- 
geon-general in the Middle De[)artment, and in 1781 Director- 
General of the hospitals in the United States. He was 
eminently distinguished as a practitioner of medicine and 
surgery. After peace he removed to New York, where 
Washino-ton nominated him Commissioner of Loans. He 
"died at Palestine, Montgomery Co., April 6, 1807. 

Craik, James, M.D., was a native of Scotland, where he 
received his education for the medical service of the British 
army. 'He came to America with Gen. Braddock, and ac- 
companied the youthful Washington in his expedition 
against the French and Indians in 1754, and returned in 
safety after the battle of the Meadows and the surrender of 
Fort Necessity. In 1755 he was a surgeon to Braddock's 
expedition through the wilderness, and dressed the wounds 
of the dying general on the 9th day of July, after his dis- 
astrous defeat at Pittsburg, Pa., and stood by the side of 
Washington while he read the funeral service. At the close 
of the French war he settled at Norfolk, Va., where he prac- 
tised for a time with high repute. A few years later he re- 
moved to Winchester, Va., and subsequently to Port Tobacco, 
Md., where he was in 1767. When the Revolution began, 
Gen. Washington, who Avas his fust friend, appointed him to 
the medical depjtrtment of the army, in which he rose to the 
first rank. On the 8d of March, 1781, he was elected by 
Congress to be chief physician and surgeon of the army. In 
1798, when war was threatened with France, he was appointed 
physician-general to the army, a position which he occupied 
only a few years, returning to his home near Mt. Vernon. 
Throuo-h a Ions; life he was the devoted and familiar friend 
of the immortal Washington, and had the melancholy satis- 
faction of being present and rendering all the aid he could 



84 MEDICAL MEN 

in tliat great man's last liours. Washington distinguislicd 
liim in liis will in these terms: "My compatriot in arms, 
my old and intimate friend." As a physician he was greatly 
distinguished by his skill and success, and his professional 
merits were, highly and justly appreciated. Died at his 
residence in Fairfax Co., Feb. G, 1814, aged 84 years. 

Church, Benjamin, was tlie great-grandson of C'ol. Benja- 
min Church, who was distinguished in the Indian wars. 
Dr. Church was born at Newport, R. I., Aug. 24,1734. lie 
graduated at Harvard University in 1754, and studied medi- 
cine with Dr. Pynclion. He also studied in London, and 
after his return to Boston became eminent as a surgeon. He 
was a man of decided talent. As a skilful and dexterous 
operator in surgery he was inferior to none of his contempo- 
raries in l^ew England, and as a general practitioner he en- 
joyed a distinguished reputation. At the commencement of 
the Revolution he was appointed, Thursday, July 27, 1775, 
by Congress to be the first Director-General and Pliysician- 
in-Chief in the hospital department. For several years pre- 
ceding he Avas a cons[)icuous and noted whig. Dr. Church de- 
livered an oration in Boston after the massacre, which was 
fervid with impassioned denunciation of tlie outrages com- 
mitted by the soldiery of Great Britain. The address was 
characteristic of the oratory of that day. He was selected 
by the Prov, Congress in 1775 to proceed to Philadel})hia and 
represent the cause of the people of Massachusetts, and to 
request advice as to the course to pursue. This illustrates 
the great contidence that his associates reposed in his integ- 
rity and ability. After fulfilling this important duty, he 
was appointed by the Prov. Congress to receive and welcome 
the new commander-in-chief. Gen. Washington, on his arrival 
at Cambridge, a trust which he performed with much grace 
and dignity. The doctor enjoyed in society the highest posi- 
tion, both on account of his great ability as a surgeon and 
physician, and of his distinguished acfpiirements, affability, 
and scholarship. 

Dr. Church was, in 1774, a most influential member of the 
Massachusetts Provincial Congress and Council of Safety. 

In Sept. 1775, he indiscreetly, if not traitorously, wrote 



OF THE REVOLUTION. 85 

a letter in cipher to Major Cain, then within the enemy's 
lines in Boston, which he attempted to convey to him by 
the co-operation of a woman. The letter was captured and 
brought to Gen. Washington, who had it deciphered and the 
woman arrested. At first she refused to disclose the author, 
but finally named Dr. Church. This and other suspicious 
circumstances caused him to be tried by court-martial, held 
at Cambridge, Oct. 3, 1775, of which General Washington 
was president. His plea was that it was an innocent device 
to deceive and draw from the enemy some information of 
benefit to the public. He was, however, convicted of hold- 
ing criminal correspondence with the enemy, and imprisoned 
at ('ambridge. Gen. Washington, in conveying the facts to 
Congress, began thus: " I have now a painful, though a neces- 
sary duty to jierform respecting Dr. Church, the Director of 
the hospital." His defence before the court was considered 
as a specimen of brilliant talents and ingenuity. "Con- 
firmed," said he, "I stand prepared for your honest search- 
ings. The warmest bosom does not flame with a brighter 
zeal for the security, happiness, and liberty of America, than 
mine." So high was party zeal, and such the jealousy and 
prejudice of the day, that a torrent of indignation was at 
hand to sweep from the land every guilty and suspected 
character. He was convicted by the court-martial, expelled 
from the Provincial Congress, and remanded to prison. After 
remaining in prison for a year and a half, he was allowed to 
depart to the West Indies, but the vessel in which he sailed 
was lost at sea May 1, 1776. (Thacher.) 

Cutter, Ammi Ruhamah, M.D., M.M.S.S., was born at 
Yarmouth, in Maine, in 1734. His father was a g-radnate 
of Cambridge in 1725, and was the first minister of Yar- 
mouth, he was also one of the chaplains of a New England 
regiment at the siege of Louisburg in 1745. His mother's 
name was Bradbury. She was from Newport, in the county 
of Essex, and was a pious and well-educated woman. At 
the age of twelve years. Dr. Cutter was sent to be educated 
under the care of a clergyman at Cambridge. He entered 
Harvard College in 1748, and graduated in 1752. He com- 
menced the study of medicine under the care of Dr. Clement 



86 MEDICAL MEX 

Jackson, an eminent pliysician in Portsrnoutli, in 1752, and 
immediately on being admitted to practice, was appointed 
surgeon of a body of Rangers, under the celebrated Robert 
Rodgers in the Indian war of 1755. In 1758, he Wiis ap- 
[tointed surgeon in the N^ew Hampshire troo})S in the expedi- 
tion against Louisburg. While in this service he came near 
falling the victim of smallpox. On the 11th of April, 1777, 
Dr. Cutter was a[)pointed physician general of the hospital 
in the eastern department. To accept this charge he relin- 
quished a lucrative practice and the care of a large family of 
ten children. His appointment was dated at Philadelphia, 
April 15, 1777; he was stationed at Fishkil!, where he ren- 
dered important service in remodelling the hospital depart- 
ment, which had been sadly neglected. In the beginning of 
1778, he retired to Portsmouth and resumed his usual practice. 
The doctor was a decided wliig. The only public office he 
held politically, was a membership in the IST. H. Constitu- 
tional Convention. He received the honorary degree of M.D. 
from Harvard. He also was an honorary member of the 
Mass. Medical and Humane Society, and was long President 
of the N. II. Med. Soc. Dr. Cutter's intellectual powers 
were of a high order, with a retentive memory, an under- 
standing which rarely erred in its decisions, and a will wliose 
energy seldom failed of accomplishing its determinations. 
He died suddenly in the midst of his family on the 8th of 
Dec, 1819, aged 85. ( Thacher.) 

Fayssoux, Peter, Hon., M.D., a native of South Carolina, 
was one of the earliest graduates from that State at the 
Univ. of Edinburgh, graduating in 1769, his thesis being 
"De Tetano." At the breaking out of the Revolution, he 
espoused with zeal the cause of his country, and was one of 
the prominent characters in that period. On Saturday June 
3, 1775, the Prov. Cong, of South Carolina Resolved^ That, 
whenever our Continental or Provincial Council shall decree 
it necessary, we will go forth and be ready to sacrifice our 
lives and fortunes to secure her freedom. And we will hold 
all those persons inimical to the liberties of the colonies who 
shall refuse to subscribe to this association." Dr. F. was 
appointed among others to receive the signatures of all the 



OF THE REVOLUTION. 87 

inliabitants of Charleston, and report the names of all those 
who refused to sign (June 6, 1775). In a letter to Dr. Ramsay, 
he depicts in language of the most forcible character the 
suftering of the American soldiers of S. C. who were held in 
captivity by the British. On May 15, 1781, he was appointed 
chief ph3^sician of the hospital in thesouthern department. He 
was a mend)er of the council of S. C. Dr. Fayssoux was one 
of the Presidents of the Med. Soc. of S. C. He was esteemed 
as a man of great professional merit, and occupied a high 
place in the hearts of his countrymen. {Bamsay's Bevlew of 
31edicine.) 

Fague or Forgue (Dr.), a Frenchman who settled in Fair- 
field in Conn. Gen. Charles Lee, in a letter to the President 
of Congress dated Feb. 22, 1776, recommending his appoint- 
ment, speaks of him as follows: ''He is a gentleman of 
ability, probity, and skill in his profession. He knows 
Canada very well, and is esteemed thei-e. He speaks French 
and English with great fluency." In the Jour, of Cong., 
April 11, 1777, we find his appointment, under the name 
of Forgue, to be surgeon-general to the hospital in the north- 
ern department. It is probable that this is the same man, a 
typographical error having occurred. He may have died in 
the service. I find no further mention of his name. 

Foster, Isaac, was a physician in high standing, and in 
large practice in the village of Charlestown,Mass., when the 
siege of Boston commenced. He immediately abandoned 
his practice and reported to the army at Cambridge, was 
appointed by Prov. Cong, of Mass. senior hospital surgeon, 
and assigned to the charge of the hospital at Cambridge. 
Upon the organization of the Continental army, he was re- . 
tained as a surgeon and placed in charge of the general 
hospital in N. Y. City, and had been in service ever since, 
having gained an excellent reputation as an efficient oflicer. 

Jones, Walter, M.D., a physician of brilliant talents and 
great ability, was born in Northampton Co., Va. After re- 
ceivino; his academic education and o-raduating at William 
and Mary's College, Va., in 1760, he adopted medicine as a 
profession, and re^taired to the University at Edinburgh to 
prosecute his studies. There he was held in high esteem by 



88 MEDICAL MEN 

Cnllcn and other professors of tlie institution. ITe gnulnated 
in 1 709. The subject of his thesis was " De Dysenteria." 
On his return to his native country, he settled to practice 
in Nortliumberland Co., Va., where he sustained through 
life the highest standing, both as a physician and a scholar. 
April 11, 1777, he was elected by Congress, physician-general 
to the hospital in tlie middle de[)artment. This position he 
held only two months, as lie resigned on the 1st of July 
following. lie was elected a representative in Congress, 
and served in 1797-99, and again in 1803-11. But the most 
of his life was devoted to the duties of his profession, of 
which he was a great ornament. " He was," says a distin- 
guished gentleman, who, for some time enjoyed his acquaint- 
ance, " for the variety and extent of his learning, the original- 
ity and strength of his mind, the sagacity of his observations, 
and captivating powers of conversation, one of the most 
extraordinary men I have ever known. He seemed to pos- 
sess instinctively, the faculty of discerning the hidden cause 
of disease, and apjilying with promptness and decision pecu- 
liar to himself the appropriate remedies." His son Walter 
was many years at the head of the bar in Washington, D. C. 
He died on his plantation in Nortlnnnberland Co., Va.,Dec. 
31,1815. 

Kuhn, Adam, M.D., was the son of Dr. Adam Simon 
Kuhn; born at Germantown, Pa., Nov. 1741, and died July 
5, 1817, at the age of 76. He received a classical education, 
and studied medicine with his father, until the year 1761, 
when he sailed for Europe, and entered the University of 
tJpsal, under the celebrated Linn?eus; after studying there 
one year he matriculated at Edinburgh, whence he received 
his medical degree June 12,1767 ; the subject of his thesis was 
" De Lavatione Frigida." On his return to Philadelphia the 
following year, he was appointed Professor of Materia Medica 
in the College of Philadelphia, and subsequently to the chair 
of Theory and Practice of Medicine in the University of 
Pennsylvania. He was on the Committee of Safety and also 
the Board of Examining Surgeons, and on July 8, 1776, he 
was appointed physician and director general of the hospital 
for the New Jersey troops. 



OF THE REVOLUTION. 89 

McKnight, Chas. The son of Chas. McKnight, a native 
of Ireland, was born Oct. 10, 1750, in Cranberry, K J. lie 
graduated at Princeton in 1771, after which he began the 
study of medicine with Dr. Shippen at Philadelphia. But 
before he had entirely completed his studies, the Revolu- 
tionary war began, and he entered the army as a surgeon, 
where his abilities soon attracted the attention of the com- 
mander-in-chief, and procured his appointment as senior sur- 
geon of the Flying Hospital of the middle department in 
April, 1777. Feb. 21, 1778, Congress elected him Assistant 
Surgeon-General for the hospital in the middle department in 
the room of Dr. Brown, promoted, and in 1780, he was elected 
chief hospital physician. In the discharge of the arduous 
duties of his positions, his talents and indefatigable zeal were 
equally conspicuous. At the conclusion of the war he re- 
moved to New York, and married Mrs. Litchfield, the only 
daughter of the Hon. John Scott. He delivered medical 
lectures to a numerous and attentive class on anatomy and 
surgery. Although eminent as a physician, he was specially 
distinguished as a practical surgeon. With one exception 
he was the most eminent of the day. The doctor was one 
of the earliest physicians in New York to use a carriage as 
a conveyance in his rounds to visit patients. His only pub- 
lication was a report of a case of extra-uterine abdominal 
foetus successfully removed by an operation, which appeared 
in the London Medical Observations and Inquiries, vol. iv. 
The preparation itself was found many years afterwards 
preserved in a glass jar lying on the ground in a cellar in 
New York. He continued actively to teacli and practise 
until his forty-first year, when he was cut oft' by a pneu- 
monic aftection. He was Professor of Anatomy and Surgery 
in Columbia College, N. Y. The doctor died Nov. 16, 1791. 

Morgan, John, M.D., F.R.S., was born in the city of Phila- 
delphia 1735. He acquired the rudiments of his classical 
education at the Rev. Dr. Finley's Academy in Nottingham, 
and finished his studies in the College of Philadelpliia, gradu- 
ating in 1757, his degree being the first literary honor con- 
ferred by that institution. He then began the study of 
medicine with Dr. John Redman of Pliiladelphia. After 



90 MEDICAL MEN 

finishing his medical studies, he entered tlie service of liis 
country as a surgeon and lieutenant in the provincial troops 
of Pennsylvania in the last war which Britain and America 
carried on against France. In 17(50 lie left the army and 
sailed ibr Europe with a view to prosecute his studies in 
medicine. lie attended the lectures and dissections of the 
celebrated Wm. Hunter, and afterwards s{)ent two years in 
attending the lectures of the Professors at Edinburgh Uni- 
versity, where he graduated in 17G8 ; his thesis was " De 
Confectione Puris." Here both of the Monros, Cullen, 
Rutlierford, Whyth, and Hope were his masters. He after- 
wards visited Paris, Holland, and Italy. While in Paris he 
attended the lectures and dissections of Mr. Sue. While in 
Europe he made the acquaintance of Voltaire at Geneva, and 
of the celebrated Morgagni, at Padua, and others of the first 
medical and literary character. On his return to London he 
was elected Fellow of the Royal Society. He was a licen- 
tiate of the College of Physicians in London, and a member 
of the College of Physicians in Edinburgh. He returned 
to America loaded with literary honors, and was received 
with open arms by his fellow citizens. Immediately after 
his arrival he was appointed Professor of the Theory and 
Practice of Medicine, and was the originator of the design 
to coimcct a medical school with the College of Philadelphia. 
He was also an active member in the establishment of the 
American Philosophical Society. By tlie Continental Con- 
gress he was ai)pointed (Oct. 17, 1775) Director General and 
Physician-in-Cliief of the liosjiital in the American army, in 
the })laco of l)r. Cliurch. 

He immediately repaired to Cambridge, and by the direc- 
tion of Washington commenced a new arrangement of the 
hospital department, and instituted examinations of the 
surgeons and mates of the hospital and army. By reason of 
unjust clamors he was dismissed from service Jan. 9, 1777. 
A committee of Congress afterwards investigated his case, 
and honorably acquitted him of all charges. He was elected 
an honorary member of the Massachusetts Medical- Society. 
He wrote a number of works of importance and merit. Tlie 
doctor died in Philadelphia Oct. 15, 1789, aged- 54. 



OF THE REVOLUTION. 91 

Oil pliant, David, M.D., was a prominent physician of South 
Carolina. In IsTov. 16, 1775, he was elected to the Council 
of Safety of Charleston, S. C. Tn the same year he was a 
meniher of the South Carolina Provincial Congress. He was 
also a member of the South Carolina General Assembly. 
He was chosen by Congress Director General of the hospitals 
in that State. In 1776 he was appointed to a judgeship. 

I^otts, Jonathan, M.D., was the descendant of a distin- 
guished Pennsylvania family : he was born on the 31st Aug. 
1747. In comjjany with Dr. Benj. Rush, a friend and rela- 
tion, he set out from Philadelphia on the way to the Uni- 
versity of Edinburgh, to prosecute the study of medicine, 
having letters of introduction from Benjamin Franklin. 
He did not remain long, and on his return was married 
May 5th, 1767, at Reading, Pa., to Miss Grace Richardson. 
He then became a student in the Philadel[)hia Medical Col- 
lege, and in the summer of 1768, graduated as M. B. The 
subject of his thesis was "De Febribus Interraittentibus 
potissimum Tertianis." 

This was the first medical commencement in America, and 
on this occasion he delivered the valedictory. The subject 
was selected by Franklin, and was "The advantage a medical 
student derives from previous liberal education in the other 
sciences, particularly Mathematics and Natural Philosophy." 
In 1771 he received the degree of M.D. from the same in- 
stitution. He commenced the practice of his profession at 
Reading, Pa. In 1775 he was one of the Committee of Safety 
of Berks Co., Pa., and was active in arousing the })atriotisni 
of his townsmen. June 6, 1776, he was appointed by Con- 
gress as a surgeon for Canada and Lake George. On the 
11th of April, 1777, he was elected Deputy Director General 
of the hospital in the northern department. Dr. Potts was 
a man of superior education and ability, affable, jovial, and 
of fine executive powers, and was very popular with the 
military and medical staff. 

Rickman, William, was Physician and Director General of 
the hospital in Virginia. On June 15, 1776, Williamsburgh 
was chosen as headquarters of the Continental Hospital in 



92 MEDICAL MEN 

Virginia. It was decided by the medical committee, that the 
hos[)ital ill Virginia was entirely distinct from the general 
establishment of hos[»itals, and that Dr. R. was not affected 
by any changes made therein. He was afterwards Deputy 
Director General of the hospital in the southern department. 
During his administration he was charged with having neg- 
lected to take i»roper care of the Virginia and North Caro- 
lina troops at Alexandria, who were suffering from smallpox 
for want of inoculation. By order of Congress Dec. 20, 1777, 
he was suspended, and an investigation ordered, and he was 
summoned to appear before the medical committee of the 
house to answer cbarges. On March 7, 1778, the committee 
to whom the matter was referred reported to Congress that 
he was entirely innocent of the charges preferred against 
him. They recommended that the suspension should be 
taken off, and that he l)e ordered back to his post. Congress 
so ordered. He remained in this capacity until Oct. 1780, 
wlien he was left out in the new arrangement of the army 
pursuant to his request. {.loam, of Cong., vols. ii. and iii.) 

Rusb, Benjamin, M.D,, was born at Byberry, fourteen 
miles northeast of Philadelpliia, Dec. 24, 1745. At an early 
age he was sent to the academy, conducted by his uncle, Dr. 
Finley. in Nottingham, Md., where he remained eight years. 
He graduated at Princeton in 1760, before he had attained 
the age of fifteen, and studied medicine with Drs. Sliippen 
and John Redman, of Philadelphia. He then repaired to the 
University of Edinburgh in 1766, and graduated there in 
1768. His thesis was " De Coctione Ciborum in Ventri- 
culo." Returning to Philadelphia in 1769, after spending a 
year in the London and Paris hospitals, he was appointed to 
the chair of Chemistry in the College of Philadelphia, and, 
in 1791, Professor of the Institutes and Practice of Medicine 
and Clinical Practice. In 1776 he was a member of Con- 
gress, and one of the signers of the Declaration of Indepen- 
dence. April 11, 1777, he was elected by the Continental 
Congress Surgeon-General of the hospital in the middle 
department, and on July 1st, 1777, was elected Physician- 
General in the place of Dr. Jones. In 1787 he was a member 



OF THE REVOLUTION. 93 

of tlie convention for adopting the Constitution of the United 
States; and during the last fourteen years of his life was 
treasurer of the United States Mint. He was connected with 
many literary and charitahle institutions, and was oive of the 
founders of Dickinson College at Carlisle, Pa. In 1811 the 
Emperor of Russia sent him a gold ring as a testimony of 
his appreciation of his medical character. Dr. Rush was 
one of the most distinguished physicians and medical writers 
our countrj^ has ever produced. His works are too well 
known to need mention here. They are characteristic of his 
great learning, keen perception, and clearness and precision 
of statement. His wife was Julia, the daughter of Richard 
Stockton. He died of pleurisy, after an illness of five days, 
April 19, 1813. Nine children survived him. 

Shippen, William, Jr., son of Dr. AVm. Shippen, was born 
in Philadelphia in 173(3, and died at Germantown, Pa., July 
11, 1808, aged 72 years. Having graduated from the Col- 
lege of New Jersey in 1754, he spent the three following 
years in the study of medicine wnth his father; and, at the 
age of twenty-one, he sailed to Europe to complete his pro- 
fessional education. He remained in London some time, 
devoting special attention to anatomy and obstetrics, under 
the celebrated Hunters, William Hewson, and Sir John 
Pringle. But subsequently he went to Edinburgh, where 
he enjoyed the friendship of Cullen and the elder Monro. 
He graduated from the University in 1761, his thesis being 
"De Placenta cum Utero Nexu." He travelled in France 
after his graduation ; and, returning to his native country 
in 1762, he commenced a course of private anatomical lec- 
tures in Philadelphia to a class of about tw^elve students. 
In 1765, the trustees of the College of Philadel[»hia, at the 
instance of Drs. Shippen and Morgan, organized a medical 
school in that institution, to which these two distinguished 
gentlemen were afterwards appointed to professorships. In 
July, 1776, he entered the medical department of the Conti- 
nental arm}' as chief physician for the flying camp, and was 
unanimously' elected by the Provincial Congress April 11, 
1777, Director General of all the hospitals in the army. 



94 MEDICAL MEN 

ITc was chosen, Octoher <!, 17<S0, Director General of tlic 
Army Medical Department, but in June, 17S1, in order to 
irive his entire attention to his medical school in Phila- 
deli>hia, he resigned his commission. The death of his only 
son, which occurred in 1708, so depressed his spirits, that 
after the sad event, he seldom lectured or took any interest 
in his school. lie held, during life, several important olHcial 
positions. 

Stringer, Samuel, was Director General of the hospitals in 
the northern department of the Continental Army, during 
the early part of the war. He was a native of Maryland, 
and died iit Albany, July 11, 1S17, at the age of 83 years. 
Ifc studied medicine with Dr. Bond, of Philadelphia; and 
in 1755, was commissioned hy Governor Shirley, of Massa- 
chusetts, an oiHcer in the medical department of the British 
Army, during the French and Indian War. lie served 
throughout these campaigns, mostly under General Aber- 
crombie; and, at their close, settled at Albany, where he sub- 
sequently married. Upon the breaking out of the lievolu- 
tionary War he was elected, by the Provincial Congress, 
August 20, 177G, Director General of the hospital in the 
northern department, but was discharged from service Janu- 
ary 9, 1777. lie returned to Albany, where he practised 
medicine until his death. 

Treat, Malachi, was Physician General of the hospital 
in the northern de[)artment of the American Army during 
the Revolution, and died in New York of yellow fever, con- 
tracted during the prevalence of an epidemic, while serving 
as health oflicei; of the port. He w-as a distinguished prac- 
titioner in New York city, where he received a commission 
in the medical staff of the army from the Provincial Con- 
gress of his State, in the early part of the Revolutionary War. 
On the Uth of A[)ril, 1777, he was appointed by Continental 
Congress Physician General of the hospital in the northern 
department of the army, and on Oct. G, 1780, was elected hy 
Congress chief hospital physician. Ui)on the reorganization 
of the army he resumed practice in the city of New York, 
after the disbanding of the American troops. 



OF THE KEVOLUTION. 95 

Turner, Philip, Surgeon General of the eastern depart- 
ment of tlie armj^ was born at Norwich, Connecticut, in 
1740, and died at the military station on York Island, in the 
sprino; of 1815, aged 75. He studied medicine with Dr. 
Elisha Tracey, of Norwich, and in 1759 he was ap[)ointed 
assistant surgeon of a provincial regiment stationed at Ticon- 
deroga, commanded by General Amherst. He continued in 
the army until the peace of 1763. Upon the breaking out 
of the llevolutionary War he entered the American army, 
and was chief surgeon of the Conn, troops before Boston. 
On April 11, 1777, he was nominated and appointed by Con- 
gress Director General to superintend the general hospital; 
but on motion of reconsideration, the appointment was given 
to Dr. Shii)pen, Jr., of Philadelphia, and Dr. Turner was 
commissioned Surgeon General of the eastern de[)artm(!nt, 
which jiosition he tilled with great ability until the close of 
the war. Hostilities having ceased, he returned to his native 
town and resumed the ju-actice of his profession with success. 
But in IsOO, 1)eing unable to undei'go the fatigues of an 
extensive practice on account of his advanced years, he re- 
moved to New York. Shortly after his removal to New 
York he was appointed surgeon in the United States Army, 
and was permanently stationed on York Island, and held his 
commission at the time of his death. 

Had we time, I would consider it desirable to record the 
names of all surgeons and surgeons' mates, with the time of 
their ap[)ointment, and their assignment to duty. But con- 
sidering the lateness of the hour and the purpose of the dis- 
course, we must content ourselves with treating even an his- 
torical subject in a somewhat general way. I may add that 
tlie su[)[»ly of com[)etent medical officers tiiroughout the ^var 
proved ample to the demand. The careful student of this 
part of our history will discover that any difficulty which 
existed with the medical directors and surgeons, was not so 
much their want of education or professional attainments, 
as the novelty of their situation. I think it will be a sur- 
prise to you, as it was to me, to find that of the physicians 
serving in the Revolutionary War, about one hundred are 



96 MEDICAL MEN 

known to Inive been graduates from tlie academical depart- 
ments either of our own or of foreign colleges,' 

The number of ph3'sicans who took part in the political 
administration of affairs in the different colonies, and in the 
Continental Congress too, is much larger than is generally 
supposed. The list of names presents an array of talent 
which is exceedingly gratifying to the profession of the 
present day, and must continue to be a pleasing reflection to 

' Medical officers in the Revolution who are known to have received col- 
legiate degrees, either honorary or in regular course. 

Harvard College Graduates. 

Ames, Nathaniel, 1761. Eustis, Wm., LL.D., 1772. 

Ames, Seth, 17('.4. Fisher, Joshua, M.D., 1766. 

Aspinwull, Wm., 1764. Green, Ezra, 1765. 

Bartlett, Josiah, 1801, M.D. Hayward, Lemuel, 1768. 

Bayjes, Wm., 1760. Hunt, Ebenezer, 1764. 

Brooks, John, 1816, Hon., M.D. Jantis, Charles, 1766. 

Childs, Timothy, 1811, Hon., M.D. Kittredge, Thomas, 1811. 

Church, Benj., 1754. Sawyer, Mieajah, M.D., 1786. 

Cobb, David, 1766. Sergeant, Erastus, 1811, Hon., M.D. 

Crosby, Ebenezer, 1777. Thacher, James, Hon., M.A., 1810, M.D. 
Cutter, Ammi Ruhamah, M.B., 1752, Vinal, Wm., 1771. 

M.D., 1792. Welsh, Thomas, 1772. 
Emerson, Samuel, Hon., 1785. 

Princeton College Graduates. 

Alexander, Nathaniel, 1776, A.B. Ramsay, D.avid, 1765, A.B. 

Archer, John, 1761, A.B. Rodgers, John R. B., 1775, A.B. 

Bainbridge, Absalom, 1762. Rush,. Benj., 1760, A.B. 

Beatty, John, 1769, A.B. Seudder, Nathaniel, 1751, A.B. 

Brevard, Ephraim, 1768, A.B. Shippen, Wm., Jr., 1754, A.B. 

Burnett, Wm., 1749, A.B. Smith, Isaac, 1755, A.B. 

Campfield, Jabez, 1759, A.B. Stockton, Ebenezer, 1780, A.B. 

Cowell, David, 1763, A.B. Wells, Henry, 1757, A.B. 

Henderson, Thomas, 1761, A.B. Whitwell, Samuel, 1774, A.B. 

Hodge, Hugh, 1773, A.B. Wilson, Louis F., 1773, A.B. 
McKnight, Charles, 1771, A.B. 

Yale College Graduates. 
Hall, Lyman, 1747. AVoIcott, Oliver, 1747. 

Munson, Aneas, 1775. 

Brown Un iccrsiti/. 

Bowen, Pardon, 1775. Binney, Barnabas, 1774. ' 

Drowne, Solomon, 1773. 

Besides the colleges named, there were graduates among the surgeons from 
Columbia College, Dartmouth, llutgers, William and Mary, and the College 
of Philadelphia. 



OF THE REVOLUTION. 97 

medical men in the future. They were not only ardent 
patriots, but many of them, from their talents and famil- 
iarity with public affairs, and their great influence with the 
masses, were most valuable members of legislative bodies 
and councils of the State. I will name only a few of the 
more prominent physicians in each of the thirteen original 
States, and it is quite possible, in this hastily prepared sketch, 
some of the most deserving may, by accident, be omitted. 

3Iassachusetts. — To this class belongs Dr. Joseph Warren, 
of Boston. He was preeminent for his devotion to the cause 
of liberty and for the influence he exercised over the actions 
of others. He was, at the time of his premature and lamented 
death, perhaps the most |)Owerful and popular advocate of 
the rights of the colonies. The only two names that at all 
equalled or excelled his in the confidence of the peo[)le, were 
Samuel Adams and John Hancock. Ranking close after 
these in ability and popularity was Dr. Benj. Church, whose 
failure as a leader was lamentable from every point of view. 
He possessed rare ability, and was most ardent in the patriot 
cause from an early day; and his want of success seems to 
me to have been caused more by indiscretion than by pre- 
meditated or actual disaifeetion to the principles involved 
in the struggle. Deserving of mention in this connection 
were Drs. David Jones, William Baylies, Samuel Holten, 
David Cobb, Wm. Whiting, Moses Gunn, and John Taylor. 
Dr. John Brooks served with distinction as a commander 
through the war, and was subsequently elected Governor of 
the commonwealth. 

Dr. Wm. Eustis served as a surgeon through the war; 
was for years a successful practitioner in Boston, and was 
Secretary of War from 1809 to 1812, and afterwards Governor 
of the State, and died in 1824, during his term of office. 

New Hampshire. — This is the only State which had two 
physicians in Congress, both of whom signed the Declara- 
tion of Independence. We congratulate ourselves in having 
that noble and patriotic physician, Joshua Bartlett, the first 
in the order of the roll-call to vote for the Declaration of 
Independence. He served in the legislature continuously 
from 1765 to 1770, and for a time as Lieutenant-Colonel of 
7 



98 MEDICAL MEN 

the Seventh Rogimont. AVas a delegate to Congress in 1775. 
He was afterwards Governor of the State, Justiee of the 
Supreme Court, and first Tresident of the State Medical 
Society. 

Dr. JSIatthcw Tiiornton, a jtractitioner of Londonderry, 
and a most ardent jiatriot of the Revolution, liad been a 
surgeon in the expedition against Lewishnrg in 1745, served 
as a member of the Provincial Congress in 177(>, and was a 
signer of the Declaration of Independence. Tliroughout his 
life he w'as a man of great influence and integrity. His 
monument bears the simple inscri[»tion "An honest man." 

There were also in the councils of the State, as w^ell as in 
active professional service, Drs. Ebenezer Thompson, John 
Giddings, Joshua Hall Jackson, Thomas Bartlett, and 
Joshua Brackett, the latter a. minister of the Gospel as well 
as a physician — a benefactor to Harvard College, and also 
one of the founders of the New Hainpsliire Medical Society. 

Rhode Islayid had some able medical men in her civil coun- 
cils; among whom we will name. Dr. Jonathan Arnold, who 
was a good public speaker, and well calculated in popular 
and deliberate bodies to inspire otiiers with the patriotic 
principles wdiich so animated himself. These powers he ex- 
ercised to the advantage of the cause, both in the Colonial 
Assembly and in the Continental Congress. Dr. Wm. Brad- 
ford, a descendant of Governor Bradford, was a physician 
and patriot of tlie Revolutionary times. He was, on account 
of his discretion and ability, selected, Oct. 7, 1775,, on the 
part of the inhabitants of Bristol, when the place was being 
bombarded by Captain AVallace, to entreat him to spare the 
town. He was a heading mend)or of the committee of Corre- 
spondence, and took a decided stand in the controversy with 
Great Britain. He was a United States Senator from 1703 
to 1707. Dr. Isaac Senter was also a leading piiysician and 
an influential citizen. Although comparatively young at 
the commencement of the war, he served witli distinction 
and rose to eminence in his jtrofession, and was an honor to 
his State. 

Connecticut had a nundjcr of well-educated and accom- 
plished physicians, who, through their statesmanlike know- 



OF THE REVOLUTION. 99 

ledge of public affairs, early became prominent in the dis- 
cussion of all the questions which were factors in ushering 
in the Revolution. Among the very first of these was Dr. 
Oliver Wolcott. He served in Congress from 1775 to 1778, 
and was one of the signers of the Declaration of Indepen- 
dence. From 1780 to 1781 he held a commission of the 
grade of Major-General in the army. He was elected to 
many offices of responsibility in the State — among others, 
that of governor, and he filled them all with ability and to 
the honor and satisfaction of the commonwealth. 

Dr. John Dickinson, son of Rev. Moses Dickinson, of 
Norwich, Conn., having received a good academic and pro- 
fessional education, settled to practice in Wallingford, but 
renioved to Middletown. He was an ardent patriot, was 
frequently sent to the legislature during the period of the 
Revolution, and took an active part in all questions of a 
public character. After the war he was appointed Judge 
to the District Court. 

Dr. Asaph Coleman served as a surgeon in the Revolu- 
tionary Arm}', and was several times a representative of the 
people of the General Assembly. 

New York perhaps had fewer physicians who took inter- 
est in political affairs than any of the other colonies of an 
equal population. The State, however, furnished a number 
of medical men of ability, who served as surgeons in the 
army. 

The following physicians, James Brewer, Ebenezer White, 
Daniel Menema, and Moses Younglove, were influential 
citizens, and zealous patriots, and advocates of the colonial 
rights during the war. 

New Jersey^ through the influence of her college, which for 
half a century had been extending the principles of a higher 
education, was thus enabled at the outset of the struggle to 
present a large body of well-educated men to take a con- 
spicuous part in public affairs. We, therefore, find in this 
State quite a number of physicians occupying prominent 
positions, civil and military. 

Dr. John Beatty, a native of I*ennsylvania, but a citizen 
of I*^ew Jersey, was a physician and a patriot of marked 



100 MEDICAL MEN 

ability. lie took an active j)art in tlie piil)lic discussion 
and the administration of public aft'airs prior to the out- 
l)reak of tlie Revolution, and during; the war served as a 
surgeon in tlie army, and was taken prisoner at the capture 
of Fort "Washington. He was a member of the old Conti- 
■nental, and also of the United States Congress. Subsequently, 
he was a member of the State Legislature, and for a time 
Secretary of State, besides luiving held many other offices 
of trust. 

Dr. William Burnett was another of ISTew Jersey's hon- 
ored patriot })hy8ieians, a sketch of whom is given among the 
surgeon-generals and pliysi(?ians-in-chief of the army. Di's. 
Ebenezer Elmer, Bernard Budd, Thomas Ewing, and many 
others of equal merit should be named. 

PennsylvdV/d. — From the earliest settlement of this colony 
her medical men Avere noted for their extensive acquirements, 
and were frequently called upon to take i)art in the admin- 
istration of public affairs, and often held civil offices. 

Dr. Benj. Jiush stands }»re-eminent among those of the 
period which has this evening engaged our attention. His 
reputation as a teacher and a patriot became national, ex- 
tending far beyond colonial limits. Indeed, his fame, like 
tliat of Warren, of Mass., and Ramsay, of S. C, belongs to 
America. His character has so often been eulogized that I 
shall not dwell further upon it here, except to express for 
him my unqualified admiration. 

Dr. Wm. Shippen, Sr., was a member of the Provincial 
Congress in 1778. His son William was eminent as a practi- 
tioner, and noted as the first systematic teacher of medicine 
in America. He held the position of chief physician to the 
Continental hospitals during a most important period in our 
struggle for independence. He was a man of ability, and 
discharged every trust with fidelity. 

Dr. Wm. Irwine or Irvine was an accomplished physician, 
in full practice, residing at Carlisle, Pa. He wiib a member 
of the State Convention that met in Philadelphia on the 
15th July, 1774. He was a man of extensive information, 
and was often called upon for his views in the discussion of 
the i)ublic welfare of the State. Preferring to exercise his 



OF TUE REVOLUTION. 101 

talents in the army as a commander rather vthaii in the 
hospital department, he was commissioned colonel June 10, 
1776. He subsequently rose to the rank of brigadier gene- 
ral, and throughout the war gave great satisfaction. We 
might extend this list of Pennsylvania physicians to a dozen 
or more names, but we will add only those of Drs. John 
Morgan, Jonathan Potts, John Wilkins, and James Hutch- 
inson. 

Delaware. — Although this little State had a number of 
eminent medical men, the colony or counties which now 
form the territory of Delaware were at this period by many 
deemed districts or counties of Pennsylvania. This rich 
agricultural section, adjacent to Philadelphia, had many 
statesmen of culture and fortune, so that her medical men 
were not so often called upon to enter the political arena as 
States more remote and less prosperous. 

Dr. James Tilton, who, next to Dr. Thacher, has left us 
the best memoirs of professional matters transpiring during 
the war for independence, is justly entitled to the highest 
meed of praise for valuable services to his country. His 
professional career reflects lionor upon the State. 

Drs. John McKinly and Edward Miller held influential 
positions in the State, and were in active service during the 
war. 

MaryUnid. — Throughout all parts of this State medical 
men attended primary meetings, and took a leading part in 
organizing a public sentiment opposed to the pretensions of 
Great Britain. In the formation of coinmittees of corre- 
pondence and councils of safety physicians were particularly 
conspicuous. I will only mention Drs. John Archer, of 
Harford Co., Richard Brooks, of Prince George Co., John 
Dorsey, of Frederick Co., Ephraim Howard, of Anne Arun- 
del Co., Wm. Kilty, C. A. Warfield, and Gustavus Brown, 
Henry Stevenson, and many others, equally deserving, who 
took part. 

Virginia^ the mother of States and of statesmen, had in 
all her councils a few highly accomplished medical men. 
Theodoric Bland, an eminent physician, was a member of 
the first Congress of Philadelphia and of the old Congress 



102 MEDICAL MEN 

from 1780 to 1788. Earl\' in tlie war ho raised n company 
of cavalry, wliicli lie commanded with honor to liimsolf and 
advantage to the cause. Dr. Arthur Lee, the diplomatist, 
was, for a number of years prior to the war, a successful 
jtractitioner of medicine at Williamsburg, lie was a mem- 
ber of the A-^irginia. Assembly in 1781, and a member of 
Congress in 1782 to 1785, 

Dr. Hugh Mercer, general and j^atriot, was a physician. He 
resided at Mercersl)urgh, Pa., in 1755, and laid out that town. 
He had great admiration for General Washington; and com- 
manded a company in the Braddock expedition against the 
French and Indians at Pittsburg, wliere he was wounded. 
He removed to Virginia and settled at Fredericksburg, and 
there entered upon the practice of his profession. On the 
breaking out of the war he warmly espoused the cause of 
the colonies, and raised three regiments for their defence. 
He was a man of extensive acquirements, whose intellectual 
powers and culture made him equal to any position either in 
the councils of IState or a command on the field of battle. 
In leading the attack on the British at the battle of Prince- 
ton, he was mortally wounded, Jan. 3, 1777. His death was 
deejily dei)lored by his personal friend. General Washington. 

Dr. Walter Jones was an active patriot and a man of in- 
iiuence in Virginia. He was, for a time, [)hysician in chief 
in the middle department, and also served in Congress after 
the war. Dr. James McClurg was long a counsellor of the 
State, and a member of the connnittee which ado])ted the 
Constitution of the United States. 

North Carolina. — Dr. Nathaniel Alexander was a graduate 
of Princeton, and a physician of eminence in Mecklenbin-g; 
an ardent patriot during the Revolution, serving as a surgeon 
part of the time, and subsequently, as Governor of the State. 

Dr. Ephraim Brevard was a graduate of Princeton in 17f)8, 
wdio, having studied medicine, located to practice in Char- 
lotte, North Carolina. He was a man of calm judgment, 
extensive acquaintance, and a warm i)ati'iot. To him be- 
longs the distinction of having embodied, in a series of 
resolutions in May, 1775, at a public meeting held in Meck- 
lenburg, May 20, 1775, the same principles which have been 



OF THE REVOLUTION. 103 

SO remarkiible in the Declaration of Independence, passed^ 
by Congress a year afterwards. He was a surgeon in the 

' As these resolutious are rarely seen, and not generally accessible, I 
deem them of sufficient interest to give them in a note. 

Derlaration of Indeiiendence. 

" 1. Resolved. 'I'hat whoever directly or indirectly abets, or, in any way, 
form, or manner, countenances the unchartered and dangerous invasion of 
our rights, as claimed by Great Britain, is an enemy to this counti'y, to 
America, and to the inherent and unalienable rights of man. 

" 2. Resolved, That we, the citizens of Mecklenburg County, do hereby 
dissolve the political bands which have connected us to the mother country, 
and hereby absolve ourselves from all allegiance to the British crown, and 
abjure all political connection, contract, or association with that nation, 
who have wantonly trampled on our rights and liberties, and inhumanly 
shed the innocent blood of American patriots at Lexington. 

"3. Resolved, That we do hereby declare ourselves a free and independent 
people; are, and of right ought to be, a sovereign and self-governing asso- 
ciation, under the control of no power other than that of our God, and the 
general government of the Congress ; to the maintenance of which inde- 
pendence, we solemnly pledge to each other our mutual co-operation, our 
lives, our fortunes, and our most sacred honor. 

"4. Resolved, That as we now acknowledge the existence and control of 
no law or legal officer, civil or military, within this county, we do hereby 
ordain and adopt, as a rule of life, all, each and every of our former laws ; 
wherein, nevertheless, the crown of Great Britain never can be considered 
as holding rights, privileges, immunities, or authority therein. 

"5. Resolved, That it is also further decreed, that all, each, and every 
military officer in this county is hereby reinstated to his former command 
and authority, he acting conformably to these regulations. And that every 
member present of this delegation shall henceforth be a civil officer, viz.: a 
justice of the peace in the character of a "committee man," to issue pro- 
cess, hear, and determine all matters of controversy, according to said 
adopted laws, and to preserve peace and union and harmony in said county, 
and to use every exertion to spread the love of country and fire of freedom . 
throughout America, until a more general and organized government be 
established in this province." [American Archives, fourth series, vol. ii. p. 
857.) 

Mecklenburg, N. C, May 20, 1775, delegates present and signing. 
Col. Thomas Polk. John Phifer. J.ames Harris. 

Ephraiiu Brevard. Henry Downs. William Kennon. 

John Ford. Ezra Alexander. William Graham. 

Richard Barry. Zachaus Wilson, Sen. John Queary. 

Abraham Alexander. Hezekiah Alexander. Robert Irwin. 

J. McKnitt Alexander. Waightstill Avery. John Flenniken. 

Adam Alexander. Benjamin Pntton. David Reese. 

Charles Alexander. Matthew McClure. Richard Harris, Sen. 

ezakiah J. Balch. Neil Morrison. 



104 MEDICAL MEN 

war, and taken prisoner at the capture of Charleston in 1780. 
His health failed during his confinement, and he shortly 
after died. 

Dr. Hugh Williamson, though a native of Pennsylvania, 
resided at Edenton ; was a patriot and man of letters, serv- 
ing as a surgeon to the militia of IS^orth Carolina, and attended 
the wounded after the hattle of Camden. Was a delegate 
to Congress in 1781 to 1782. He wrote the history of Xorth 
Carolina in two volumes, and other works of moment. Dr. 
Robert Williams was an ardent and influential citizen and 
patriot. In political conventions he was prominent, and 
served as a surgeon to the militia. He was a member of 
the convention which ratified the Constitution of the United 
States. 

South Carolina. — Here we must first name Dr. David 
Ramsay. He used, with eftect, his pen in the interest of 
the colony, anterior to the Revolutionary War, and was, 
throughout the struggle that ensued, a consistent and un- 
compromising friend of American liberty. 

On the raiding of an armed force by the colonies, he 
entered the military service as a surgeon. When the city 
of Charleston, S. C, was captured by the British, in May, 
1780, the doctor was taken prisoner. His health suffered 
severely from confinement ; and, on his exchange, he was sent 
to Cono;ress in 1782, where he served with distinguished 
ability until 1786. 

Dr. David Oliphant, already mentioned as one of the 
Director Generals of the hospital in the southern depart- 
ment, was a man of social and political influence. He was 
a member of the State Assembly, and subsequently appointed 
judge of the courts. 

Georgia. — Dr. L3'man Hall was a successful practitioner, 
and among the foremost of the citizens in securing the co- 
operation of Georgia with the other colonies. He was chosen 
to the first Congress, at Philadelphia, by the pj'rish of St. 
John's, but did not attend ; was, however, sent as a delegate 
from the whole State in March, 1775, and was one of the 
signers of the Declaration of Independence. The invasion 
of Georgia by the British, in 1780, required him to return 



OF THE REVOLUTION. 105 

to render service to the cause there. His property was all 
confiscated by the British while in possession. In 1783 he 
was elected Governor of the State; and was, in all relations 
of life, a most useful and exemplary member of society. 

Dr. Noble Wimberly Jones was one of the early settlers 
in Georgia, and became imbued with a spirit of resistance 
to British taxation. He was chosen delegate to the first 
Continental Congress, and again in 1781. He was often 
consulted by his colleagues on important public occasions, 
and was a member of the convention that amended the State 
constitution. 

Dr. l^athaniel Brownson, of Liberty Co., Ga., was not 
only a good physician, but an enlightened statesman, a true 
patriot, and a powerful advocate of the rights of the colonies. 
He was a member of the Provincial Convention of 1775, and 
of the Continental Congress in 1776. He was for a time a 
surgeon in the army, and was also speaker of the State 
Legislature in 1781, and was by this body chosen governor 
of Georgia. 

That the government has been most liberal to the soldiers, 
through whose courage and fortitude American liberty was 
won, is evident from historical records. Immense sums in 
treasure and vast tracts of land have been awarded to them 
as bounty and pension. The surgeons and surgeons' mates 
have been participants of this generosity.^ 

' Surgeons and surgeons' mates who have received pension from the United 
States for services in the Revolutionary War. (See U. S. Pension Rolls.) 

Adams, Joseph, Mass. Blakely, Zealous, Con. 

Ahl, John Peter, Md. Blish, Ezra, Con. 

Allen, David, Con. Bowen, Beauaiah, Con. 

AUyn, Jonathan, Vt. Bowen, Joseph, R. I. 

Austin, Caleb, Con. Boyd, Benjamin, Md. 

Averill, Jonathan, N. Y. Breckett, Daniel, Mass. 

Bacheller, Theophilus, Mass. Briggs, Richard, Mass. 

Ballentine, Ebenezer, N. Y. Brown, Ezekiel, Me. 

Bannell, Amos, Con. Brunson, Asa, Con. 

Barnes, Simeon, Con. Burrett, Anthony, Con. 

Barret, Jeremiah, Con. Cheever, Abijah, Mass. 

Bartlett, Josiah, Mass. Childs, Timothy, Mass. 

Beardsley, Gersham, N. Y. Clark, Ilezekiah, N. Y. 

Beatty, Reading, Pa. Clark, Joseph, Mass. 

Bicknell, Josiah, Con. Cogswell, William, N. II. 

Billings, Benjamin, Mass. Curtis, Samuel, N. H. 



106 



MEDICAL MEN 



The broad and varied abilities and high culture of the 
medical men of America were not at all appreciated until they 



Gushing, John, N. II. 
Cutting, John Brown, D. C. 
Drowne, Solomon, 11. I. 
Eager, George, N. Y. 
Edwards, Joshua, Pa. 
Ehrenzeller, Jacob, Pa. 
Elmer, Ebenezer, N. J. 
Elmer, Moses, N. J. 
Endicott, Samuel, N. II. 
Fairbanks, Cyrus, Mass. 
Fairbank, George, Mass. 
Fanning, John, Con. 
Fisk, Joseph, Mass. 
Gardner, John, N. Y. 
Glover, Samuel K., Mass. 
Graham, Isaac G., N. Y. 

Green, Ezra, N. H. 

Gross, Ebenezer H., Me. 

Guest, James, Pa. 

Hale, Mordecai, N. Y. 

Hall, John, Me. 

Hall, Mordecai, N. Y. 

Hall, Percival, Mass. 

Hall, "William, Md. 

Hamilton, James, Pa. 

Hart. John, Mass. 

Hatch, Josiah, Mass. 

Hilton, Isaac, Me. 

Hitchcock, Gad, Mass. 

Holbrook, Amos, N. Y. 

Holbrook, Silas, N. Y. 

Huvd, Isaac. Mass. 

Hyde, Phineas, Con. 

Jewett, Gibbons, Con. 

Jones, David, Me. 

Jones, James, Del. 

Knight, Jonathan, Con. 

Lewis, Josepli, Vt. 

Maclean, William, N. C. 

Magaw, William, Pa. 

Mann, James, N. Y. 

Mann, Oliver, Me. 

Martin, Ennalls, Md. 

Martin, John R., Ohio. 

Mather, Samuel, Con. 

McCoskey, William, Mich. 

Meade, William, N. Y. 

Mory, Samuel, Mass. 

Mullican, Isaac, Mass, 



Munson, Eneas, Con. 
Pelham, William, Ohio. 
Pindall, Richard, Ky. 
Porter, Benj. J., Me. 
Prescott, Joseph, N. Y. 
Rainey, Stephen, Con. 
Read, Wm., S. C. 
Richardson, Abijah, Mass. 
Roberts, John, Ky. 
Rodgers, John R. B., N. Y. 
Root, Josiah, Conn. 
Rose, Prosper, Con. 
Rosseter, Timothy W., Ga. 
Russell, Philip M., Pa. 
Sackett, John, N. Y. 
Sawyer, William, Me. 
Schuyler, Nicholas, N. Y. 
Scudder, John A., Ind. 
Selden, William C, Va. 

Sibley, John, La. 

Skinner, Elisha, Me. 

Smith, Dan., Vt. 

Stockton. Benj. B., N. Y> 

Taylor, Christopher, Md. 

Thacher, James, Mass. 

Thaxter, Gridley, Mass. 

Thomas, John, N. Y. 

Thompson, Thaddeus, N. Y. 

Tilton, Jame.«, Del. 

Townsand, David, Mass. 
\ Tracy, Philemon, Con. 

Trezvant, John, Va. 

Tunison, Garrett, N. J. 

Turner, Peter, R. I. 

Walcott, Thomas, Mass. 

Waterous, Josiah, N. Y. 

Waters, Wilson, Md. 

Watrous, John R. , Con. 

Welch, Thomas, Mass. 

White, Henry, N. Y. 

Wild, Jonathan, Mass. 

Wilkinson, John, R. I. 

Willard, Moses, N. Y. 

Williams, Robert, N. C. 

Wing, Moses, Me. 

Wingate, John, Me. 

Wright, Philemon, N. H. 

Young, John, Mass. 



OF THE REVOLUTIOX. 



107 



were, in their });itriotism, brought in close rchation with the 
recognized leading or dominating minds of that period. 
Having called attention to the very considerable number of 
accomj)lished physicians who assisted in the councils of the 
different States in securing American independence, I pro- 
pose to glance at the number of physicians who, in the ardor 
of their patriotism, sought and obtained commands in the 
field, and thus served their country in perhaps a more active 
but scarcely more arduous or dangerous sphere of duty. I 
am able to present in a note the names of thirty-six phy- 
sicians who held commands of various grades ; a careful 
study would, no doubt, extend the list.' 

One word of explanation, as to the political divisions and 
colonial entities at the time of the revolution, is deemed 
proi)er. 

When we speak of the New England States, we usually 
include the existing six ; but we should recollect that at the 
time of the revolution Vermont and Maine did not exist as 
separate and distinct colonies. It is true the settlement of 
Maine was coeval with that at Jamestown, Va., in 1607 ; 
thus antedating the landing of the Pilgrims in Massachu- 
setts. Notwithstanding this, the government of Maine was 



' Names of medical men who held military commands in the Revolution; 
with their rank in the army. 



Archer, Jno., Md., Command Mil. Co. 

Bartlett, Jo.»iiih, Lieut. -Col. 7th Mass. 

Beatty, Jno., Lieut. -Col. Pa. Line. 

Bland, Theodoric, Col. Va. Troops. 

Brickett, Jos., Brig. -Gen. 

Brooks, John, Col. Mass. 

Burk, Thos., Capt. at Bat. Brandywine. 

Campfield, Jabez, N. J., Quartermast. 

Childs, Timothy, Mass., Capt. 

Cobb, David, Maj.-Gen. Militia. 

Day, Elkanah, Capt. 

Dearborn, Henry, Maj.-Gen. 

Ely, John, Major. 

Ewing, Thos., of N. J., Maj. 

Flagg, John, Mass., Lieut.-Col. 

Gardner, M., R. I., General. 

Hand, Edward, Brig. -Gen. 

Irvine, Wm., Pa., Brig. -Gen. 



McDonough, Thos., Maj. 
McHenry. James, Gen. 
Mercer, Hugh, Va. , Brig. -Gen. 
Nicholas, Moses, Brig. -Gen. 
Peabody, Nathan, Ad. State Militi.i. 
Perkins, Abijah, 2d Lieut. 
Prescott, Oliver, Brig. -Gen. 

Reid, , Capt. 

Rickman, W., Va., Col. in Cont. Army. 
Sergeant, Erastus, Maj. 7th Alass. 
St. Clair, Arthur, Maj.-Gen. 
Smith, Isaac, N. Y., Col. 
Smith, Nathan, Lieut , Vt. Militia. 
Thomas, John, Maj.-Gen. 
White, John, of N. C, Adjutant. 
Wilkinson, James, Gen. 
Woleot, Oliver, Brig.-Gen. 
Warren, Joseph, General. 



108 MEDICAL MEN 

in 1652 transferred to, and specifically included witliin the 
bounds and jurisdiction of the colony of Massachusetts, and 
so remained until admitted as a separate State into the 
American Union in 1820. 

Vermont had three claimants for her territory, Massachu- 
setts, Kcw Hampshire, and New York. In the settlement 
of this question she paid New York thirty thousand dollars 
($30,000). In 1777 she adopted a bill of rights and assumed 
independence under the name of " New Connecticut," and 
was admitted a State of the Union in 1791. This will ex- 
plain why so few, if any, surgeons are accredited to Maine 
or Vermont; they both furnished brave generals and heroic 
soldiers, but they were credited to Massachusetts, New York, 
or New Hampshire. 

Kentucky was then a part of Virginia, and Tennessee a 
part of North Carolina. The territory now known as the 
State of Tennessee was in 1784 declared in convention to be 
an independent State, under the name of the " State of 
Franklin." It maintained an independent organization 
until 1788, when jurisdiction was resumed over it by North 
Carolina, which continued until its admittance into the 
Union in 1796 under the name of the State of Tennessee. 

In 177G the colonies formed a confederation, and, to en- 
able Congress to distribute equally the fiscal burthen among 
them, it became necessary to ascertain the population of each. 
It is not understood tliat an actual enumeration was had 
for the especial purpose in any one of the colonies, but the 
population here given for 1775 is simply approximate, the 
actual number of slaves not being included. This estimate 
of population was acquiesced in by all the colonies, and served 
as a basis for raising troops, and for defraying the expenses 
throughout the war. We take this table from I'itken's 
Statistics, p. 583: — 



OF THE REVOLUTION. 



109 



New Hampshire 
Massachusetts 
Rhode Island . 
Connecticut . 
New Yorlv 
New Jersey . 
Pennsylvania 
Delaware 
Maryland 
Virginia 
North Carolina 
South Carolina 
Georgia . 



White . 
Colored 

Total . 



102,000 
352,000 

58,000 
202,000 
238,000 
138,000 
341,000 

37,000 
147,000 
300,000 
181,000 

93,000 

27,000 

2,243,000 
500,000 

2,743,000 



The federal convention of 1787 which framed the consti- 
tution, although recognizing the fact that the whole popu- 
lation of the States was greater than given in this table, still 
used it as a basis in proportioning representation to States, 
as it had served through the war for the levying of troops.^ 

The Census taken by the autljority of the United States 
in 1790, which gives the total population, white and colored, 
as 3,929,214, showed that the original estimate was nearly 
correct, and the increase probable and quite uniform in the 
different States. I have, in the Annals of Medical Progress, 
p. 105, estimated the whole number of physicians residing 
in the Colonies in 1776, at 3500. 

That the medical profession, by virtue of the superior 
education of its members, held high social and influential 
positions, and took an honorable and active part in the events 
that ushered in the Revolution, as well as in the armed 
struggle that led to the glorious termination and successful 
establishment of a free government in America, is a fact so 
evident as to require no argument. The names of physicians 
are everywhere conspicuous among the patriots and efficient 



' As the figures are not often met with from which to form an estimate of 
the strength of the Continental army, and the proportion of troops raised 
by the several colonies, 1 have deemed the subject in this connection of 



110 



MEDICAL MEN 



promoters of the cause of liberty. There was scarcely an 
ofKce, civil or niilitaiy, that at some time a physician did 

sufficient interest to give the following table, which admirably presents 
these facts. [Neiv Hampshire Historical Collections, vol. i. p. 236.) 



J".^ 



1> CO 

S CO 



^ 






^ 



(pojKiinjsa) ■«!) 
-iljui .imng3.i.ii 


ooooooooooooo 

COCO'COOC O^OtOO 
IM O O ■=-_f-_0_ O O 0_t-_^0 CO :o 

1-" Oi' r-- CO oTim' ^j" r-' -f" r-' e-f -♦■' cT 

IM rH C-1 








CO 


a 
o 
O 


733 

4,370 

372 

1,740 

1,169 

675 

1,.598 

235 

974 

629 

697 

1.39 

145 


CO 



CO 






a 

o 


744 
4,423 

481 
1,7.32 
1,198 

660 
1,265 

164 
1,280 
1,204 
1,105 


I 




^ 


-{ 


S 


1566 
1501 

4331 


CO 
CO 


o 


700 
3,732 

464 
2,420 
1,728 

823 

1,346 

89 

770 
1,215 

545 


co 
co" 




d 

CO 


- 


g 


760 
3436 

.5.54 

668 
162 

231 


i 


a 
o 


1,017 
4,. 553 

915 
3,133 
2,179 
1,105 
3,.337 

325 
2,065 
2,486 


■0 
55 




I-- 


H 


f^ 


222 
1451 

756 




a 


1.004 
6,287 

507 
3,544 
2,256 
1,276 
3,476 

317 
2,849 
3,973 
1,214 

909 
87 


CO 




K 


-! . 

1 d 


1927 
2426 


COO'OO-H'.O-^Ott^cDl^OCO 

a,^?o^<7;cocc-HoccQCtct^ 
c-i_o_co o -H c3 --ajy. cc_c-J_c^ x>_^;d 

r-Tt-"" Tl-'cfrHCO CO-O^r-Ti-r 


a: 

co_ 

CO 




t^ 


■ 


- 


1,111 

2,775 

■ 921 

2,481 

i 1.535 
1,289 


0" 


lI 


C-1tt!CCC0C0^C00:O-t<r-lOC0 

i^_^co^io iO o: -r cv 5-1 c t^ r>\jD ^ 


i 




s 


< 


s 


4,000 
1102 
.5737 
1715 
5893 
4876 
145 

2,.592 


c 


a 

o 

-O 


3,019 

13,372 

798 

6,390 

3,629 

3,193 

5,519 

609 

637 

6,181 

1,134 

351 







"5 


a 
o 


2824 

16,444 

1193 

4507 
2075 

"460 


C-1 










New Hampshire 
Massachusetts. . 
Rhode Island. . . 

Connecticut 

New York 

New Jersey 

Pennsylvania . . 

Delaware 

Maryland 

Virginia 

North Carolina. 
South Carolina . 
Georgia 





* The right hand column of the above table is taken from Peter Force's 
National Calendar for 1834. This irregular force (104,660) were called 
out by local authorities, or volunteered to repel foraging parties, to guard 
prisoners conveyed from one place to another when distributed in different 



OF THE REVOLUTION. Ill 

not fill — no danger which they did not participate in, and 
no duty or responsihility entrusted to»them tliat they did not 
discharge with credit to the countrj^, and with honor to the 
profession. 

Independence achieved ! — How natural it was that after 
the friendships formed among the officers during the heroic 
struggle of nearly eight years to found a nation, they should 
seek to give expression and perpetuation to this noble senti- 
ment of personal regard. For this purpose was founded the 
Society of the Cincinnati. Medical men were eligible; and 
man}' of those in the service at the close of the war became 
members. 

It was expected by the officers of the Continental army 
that societies would form in all the States, but from jealousy 
or an apprehension that the organization had a political sig- 
nificance, it was decried and violently op[)Osed in certain 
quarters. At least three States, Massachusetts, New York, 
and I^ew Jersey, preserve active organizations. I have col- 
lected the names of all the medical men who w^ere original 
members in seven States, which I give in a note. For the 

parts of the country, and more particularly to repel sudden incursions of 
Indians on the AVestern frontiers. A large portion of the men not in ser- 
vice were enrolled, and, in specified localities, arranged by companies or 
battalions into three or four classes, and required, in exposed places near 
the British or Indians, to render services of ten to fifteen days each class — 
sometimes twenty to thirty days. 

British Forces in United States at different periods during the 
Revolutionary War. 

1777, June 3 . ... 33,756 1781, May 1 . . . . 33,374 

1778, Aug. 5 . ... 22,554 1781, Aug. 1, Lord Cornwallis" 

1779, Feb. 15 . . . . 38,569 army in Virginia 9,433 ■ 

1780, May 1 . . . . 33,020 1781, Sept. 1 . . . . 42,075 
17S0, Dec. 1 . . . . 33,766 1782, June 1 . . . . 40,469 

As a matter of some interest in this connection, I give the following esti- 
mate of the number of Americans who lost their lives in the war of the 
Revolution : — 

Dr Thacher, in his Military Journal, p. 344, says : " It has been esti- 
mated that the loss of lives in the various armies of the United States, 
during the war, is not less than seventy thousand. 'J'he numbers who died 
on board of the horrid prison-ships of the enemy cannot be calculated. It 
is, however, confidently asserted that no less than eleven thousand of our 
brave soldiers died on board the one called the Jersey Prison Ship, only !'' 



112 MEDICAL MEN 

States of Delaware, Rhode Island, l^ow Hampshire, and 
Virginia, I Lave been unable to find the records or lists of 
members. The motives for the formation of the Society of 
the Cincinnati seem so proper that I have concluded to give 
them as set forth by the society.' 

' "It having pleased the Supreme Governor of the Universe, in the dis- 
pensation of human affairs, to cause the separation of the Colonies of North 
America from the dominion of Great Britain, and, after a bloody conflict of 
eight years, to establish them free, independent, and sovereign States, con- 
nected by alliance, founded on reciprocal advantages, with some of the 
greatest princes and powers of the earth. 

"To perpetuate, therefore, as well the remembrance of the vast event as 
the mutual friendships which have been formed under the pressure of com- 
mon danger, and in many instances cemented by the blood of the parties, 
the officers of the American army do hereby, in the most solemn manner, 
associate, constitute, and combine themselves into one society of friends, to 
endure so long as they shall endure, or any of their eldest male posterity, 
and, in failure thereof, the collateral branches who may be judged worthy 
of becoming its supporters and members. 

"The officers of the American army, having generally been taken from the 
citizens of America, possess high veneration for the character of that illus- 
trious Roman, Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus, and, being resolved to follow 
his example by returning to their citizenship, they think they may with 
propriety denominate themselves the Society of the Cincinnati." ( Thacher's 
Militarii Journal, p. 317.) 

Medical officers of the Revolutionary Army who were original members 
of the Society of the Cincinnati, in the several States. 

ConnecfiniL 

Beardsley, Ebenezer, Surgeon. Rose, John, Surgeon. 

Coleman, Noah, Surgeon's Mate. Simpson, John, Surgeon. 

Ilosmer, Timothy, Surgeon's Mate. Skinner, Thomas, Surgeon. 

Mather, Timothy, Surgeon. Starr, Justus, Surgeon's Mate. 

Munson, Aneas, Jr., Surgeon's Mate. Watrous, John R.., Surgeon. 
Noyes, John, Surgeon. 

Mai't/hind. 

Craik, James, Md., Physician and Surg. Knood, Samuel Y., Md., Surg.'s Mate. 

Denwood, Levin, Md., Surgeon. Manis, James, Md., Surgeon. 

Elbert, John L., Md., Surgeon's Mate. Marshall, T., Md., Surgeon. 

Harrison, Elisha, Md., Surgeon's Mate. Morrow, David, Md., Surgeon. 

Hayne, Ezekiel, Md., Surgeon. Morrow, Samuel, Md., Surgeon. 

Jeniler, Daniel, Jr., Md., Surg. Hosp. Pindell, R. , Md., Surgeo.i. 

Keene, Samuel F., Md., Surg.'s Mate. Warfield, Walter, Md., Surgeon. 

Kilty, William, Md., Surgeon. Wood, Gerard, Md., Surgeon's Mate. 

Massachftsetts. 
Adams, Henry, Mass., Surgeon. Crane, John, Mass., Surgeon. 

Balentine, Eben., Mass., Surg.'s Mate. DufBeld, John, Mass., Surgeon. 



OF THE REVOLUTION. 



118 



The experience of the war was of immense advantage to 
the medical profession of America. The merits of the medi- 



Eustis, Willinm, Mass., Surgeon. 
Finley, James B., Mass., Surgeon. 
Finley, Joseph, Mass., Surgeon. 
Fish, Joseph, Mass., Surgeon. 
Gooc'win, F. L. B., Mass., Surg. 's Mate. 
Hart, John, Mass , Surgeon. 
Homans, John, Mass., Surgeon. 
Laughton, Wiu., Mass., Surg. 's Mate. 
Leavenworth, Nat., Mass. , Surg.'s Mate. 



Morgan, Benj., Mass., Surgeon's Mate. 
Porter, Benj Jones, Mass., Surg, 's Mate. 
Richardson, Ahijah, Mass., Surgeon. 
Shute, Daniel, Mass., Surgeon. 
Thacher, James, Mass., Surgeon. 
Townsend, David, Mass., Surgeon. 
Whitvvelbe, Samuel, Mass., Surgeon. 
AVood ward, Samuel, Mass , Surg, 's Mate. 



Neiv Jersey. 



Harris, Jacob, Surgeon's Mate. 
Holmes, James, Surgeon. 
Howell, Lewis, Surgeon. 
Loring, Ephraim, Surgeon's Mate. 
Otto, Bodo, Surgeon. 
Reed, Thomas, Surgeon's Mate. 
Riker, John B., Surgeon. 
Ross, Alexander, Surgeon. 



Appleton, Abraham, Surgeon's Mate. 

Barnett, William, Surgeon. 

Beatty, John, Surgeon and Major. 

Burnell, AVm., Surgeon. 

Burnett, Wm., Surgeon-General. 

Campbell, George, Hospital Surgeon. 

Campfield, Jabez, Surgeon. 

Dunham, Lewis, Surg, and Col. in Mill 

Elmer, Ebenezer, Surg, and Brig. -Gen. Stockton, Ebenezer, Surgeon. 

EJmer, Moses, Surgeon's Mate. Vacher, John Francis, Surgeon. 

New York. 

Brown, Joseph, N. Y., Surgeon. Ledyard, Isaac, N. Y., Surgeon's Mate. 

Cochran, John, N. Y. , Surg, and Direc- McKnight, Charles, N. Y., Surgeon. 

tor Hosp. Menema, Daniel, N. Y., Surgeon. 

1^ Craigie, And., N. Y'., Surg. -Gen. IIosp. Prior, Abner, N, Y., Surgeon's Mate. 

Crosby, Ebenezer, N. Y., Surgeon Wash- Rogers, John R. B., N. Y., Surgeon. 



ington's Life Guards. 
Elliott, John, N. Y., Surgeon's Mate. 
Graham, Stephen, N. Y., Surg. 's Mate. 
Hale, Mordecai, N. Y., Surgeon's Mate. 



Sweet, Caleb, N. Y., Surgeon. 
Tillotson, Thomas, N. Y., Phys. and 

Surg. -Gen. 
Vacher, John F., N. Y., Surgeon. 



Johnson, Robert, N. Y., Phys. -General Van Wagner, Garret, N. Y., Surgeon. 
Hosp. 

Pennsylvania. 



Adams, Wm., Pa., Surgeon. 
Allison, R., Pa., Surgeon's Mate. 
Beatty, Reading, Pa., Surgeon. 
Binney, Barnabas, Pa., Hosp. Surgeon. 
Bond, Thomas, Pa., Surgeon. 
Caldwell, Andrew, Pa., Surgeon. 
Cathcart, Wm., P.a., Surgeon. 
Davidson, James, Pa., Surgeon. 
De Florat, Jean Augustus, Pa , Sur- 
geon's Mate. 
Hunter, George, Pa., Surgeon's Mate. 
Leadlie, Andrew, Pa., Surgeon. 



McCalia, Thomas M., Pa., Surgeon. 
McDowell, John, Pa., Surgeon. 
McClosky, Samuel A., Pa., Surgeon. 
Magaw, Wm., Pa., Surgeon. 
Martin, Hugh, Pa., Surgeon. 
Maus, Matthew, Pa., Surgeon. 
Peres, Peter, Pa., Surgeon 
Rogers, John R. B., Pa., Surgeon. 

(Thig name also appears in N. Y.) 
St. Clair, Arthur, Brigadier General. 
Stevenson, George, Pa., Hosp. Surgeon's 

Mate. 



South Carolina. 
Blyth, Joseph, S. C, Regt. Surgeon. Finley, James E. B., S. C, Regt. Surg. 

Fnyssoux, Peter, S. C, Hosp. Surgeon. Flagg, Henry C, S. C, Regt. Surgeon. 

8 



114 MEDICAL MEN 

cal men an<l the importance of the science to the State, lifted 
the profession out of obscurity to a position of conspicuous 
honor and usefuhaess. 

It is now conceded by tlie world that American inde- 
pendence, although purchased at the cost,.of great suffering, 
much blood, and immense treasures, has proved in the years 
that are passed an unqualified blessing to mankind, and will, 
we believe, continue to be so for centuries to come. American 
statesmanship too has elevated the standard of human rights 
throughout the world. The claims of humanity are every- 
where more regarded by rulers, and the rights of individuals 
better protected. The voice of the world to-day, more than 
in any period of the past, demands that laws must be hu- 
manizing in their effect, and administered with e(i[ual justice 
to all. 

I will close my already too extended paper witli as complete 
a list of the names of the medical men wlio aided in achieving 
American independence, as I have had the means of compil- 
ing. I shall not fatigue you with reading this list of nearly 
twelve hundred names, which includes not only those of sur- 
geons and })liysicians of the army, but also of the medical 
men who gave their services to the cause in other positions. 
This list is not offered as comj)lete, but ap[)roximatc. Our 
government, I regret to say, does not possess among its 
archives a complete roster of the soldiers of the Revolution, 
and it is probable a perfect one of the Continental army 
does not exist anywhere. That which is here presented of 
the surgeons is the result of much careful research amongst 
Revolutionary literature, but Avhich I have by no nieans 
exhausted. The list is, of course, subject to additions and 
corrections. Some names may be duplicated from the 

Lockman, John, S.C., Hosp. Surg. Mate. Smith, Robert, S. C, Hosp. Surgeon's 
McCalla, Thos. H., S. C, Regt. Surg. Mate and Chaplain. 

Neufvilie, Wm., S. C, Regt. Sjirgeon. Sunn, Frederick, S. C, Regt. Surgeon. 

Oliphant, David, S. C, Surgeon Director Stevens, Wm. S., S. C, Hosp. Surgeon's 

Gen. S. Army. Mute. 

Perry, Benj. L , S. C, Regt. Surgeon. Tuoker, Thos. T., S. C, Hosp. Surgeon. 

Ramsay, .Joseph U., S. C, Hosp. Sur- Wharry, Robert, S. C, Regt. Surgeon's 

geoti's Mate. Mate. 

Read, William, B. C, Hosp. Surgeon. Witherspoon, John, S. C, Hosp. Surg. 



OF THE REVOLUTION. 115 

wonderful and inexplicable variation in the spelling, both of 
first and last names, from their being found as serving in 
different States and different divisions of the army, and a 
few may have been admitted on insufficient evidence of ser- 
vice, or from hasty compilation, that are not entitled, even 
by the liberal construction I have adopted, to the distinction 
of medical men of the revolution. 

You will, I am sure, join me in the hope, that, when in 
the lapse of time the United States shall reach her second 
centennial of independence, our people may be found as free, 
prosperous, and happj' as at present — that the Alumni As- 
sociation of Jefferson Medical College may be in a flourish- 
ing condition — and our Alma Mater then, as now, may 
occupy the front rank of institutions for instruction in medi- 
cine in the world. 

Gentlemen, I thank you for your patient and respectful 
attention. 



A LIST OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS 

WHO TOOK PART IN THE STRUGGLE FOR AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE, 
ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY, GIVING STATE AND SERVICE. 



A-^lams, Caleb Greenle.af. N. Y , Surg. 

Adams, David, Conn., Surg. 

Adams, Elijah, Conn., Surg. Mate. 

Adams, Henry, Mass., Surg. 

Adams, Joseph, Mass., Surg. 

Adams, Samuel, Mass., Surg. 

Adams, Samuel, Me., Surg. 

Adams, William, Pa , Surg. 

Ahl, John Peter, Md., Surg. Mate. 

Aldenbruch, Daniel, Pa., Surg. 

Alexander, Archibald, Va., Surg. 

Alexander, Geo. D., Va., Surg. 

Alexander, James R., Md , Surg. Mate. 

Alexander, Joseph M., N. C, Memb. 
Conv. 1774. 

Alexander, Nath., N. C, Surg. Mate. 

Allen, David, Conn., Surg. -Mate. 

Allen, David, N. H., Surg. Mate. 

Allen, Moses, Md., Committee of Ob- 
servation. 

Allison, Benj., Pa., Surg. 

Allison, Francis, Pa., Surg Genl. Hosp. 

Allison, R., Pa., Surg. Mate. 

Allyn, Jonathan, Vt., Surg. Mate. 

Ames, Nathaniel, Mass., Surg. 

Ames, Seth, Mass., Surg. 

Andrews, John, N. J., Surg. Mate. 

Andrews, Thomas, Md., Committee of 
Safety. 

Annin, \Vm., Md., Asst. Surg. 

Appleton, Abraham, N. J., Surg. Mate. 

Appletwliaite, John, Surg. Navy. 

Archer, John, Md., command of Com- 
pany. 

Armstrong, James, N. Y., Surg. Genl. 
Hosp. 

Arnold, Jonathan, R. I., Hosp. Surg. 

Aspinwall, Wm., Mass., Surg. 

Atwater, David, Conn., Surg. 

Aubury, * * *, N. H., furnished medi- 
cines. 

Austin, Caleb, N. Y., Surg. Mate. 

Averill. Jonathan, Surg. Brig "Resist- 
ance." 



Avert, J., N. J., Surg. 

Axon, Saml. J., S. C, Surg. Mate. 

Bacon, Jacob, Mass., Surg. Mate. 

Bailey, Dr. * * *, Mass., Committee 
of Safety. 

Bainbridge, Absalom, N. J., proffered 
services 1776 

Baird, Absalom, Pa., Surg. 

Baker, Amos, Mass., Surg. Mate. 

Baker, Wm., Md., Convention. 

Baldwin, Cornelius, N. J., Surg. 

Balentine, Ebenezer, Mass., Surg. Mate. 

Ball, Silas, Mass., Surg. 

Ball, Stephen, N. J., Surg. Mate. 

Ball, Steplien, Mass., attended soldiers. 

J3allentine, Eben., Mass., Surg. Mate. 

Bangs, Isaac, Surg. Mate Navy. - ' 

Banks, James, Va., Surg. Mate Navy. 

Bannell, Amos, Conn , Surg. Mate. 

Barber, Thomas, N J., Surg. 

Bard, Samuel, N. Y., Exam. Surg. 

Barker, Abner, N. H., Surg. 

Barnes, Simeon, Conn., Surg. Mate. 

Barnett, Oliver, N. J., Surg. 

Barnett, Wm. M , N. J., Surg. 

Barret, Jei-emiah, Conn., Surg. 

Bartlett, Daniel, Mass., Surg. 

Bartlett, John, R. I., Surg. 

Bartlett, Josiah, N. H., Surg. Mate. 

Bartlett, Philip, Va., Surg. 

Bartlett, Thomas, N. H., Prov. Cong. 

Bass, Robert, Pa., procured medicines. 

Batchelder, Joseph, Mass., Prov. Cong. 

Baylies, Wm , Mass., Surg. 

Beadle, * * *, Surg. 

Beans, Wm., Md., Committee of Obser- 
vation. 

Beardsley, Ebenezer, Conn., Surg. 

Beardsley, Gershorn, Conn., Surg. 

Beatty, John, Pa., Surg, and Col. 

Beatty, Reading, Pa., Surg. 

Beaumont. H., N. J., Surg. 

Beecher, Elisiia, Pa., Surg. 

Bensell, Charles, Pa., Com. of Corr. 



118 



MEDICAL MEN 



IJenzell, Chnrles, Jr., Va., attciuled sick 
soldicr.s. 

Belts, Tliiuldcua, Conn., Assembly. 

Bickncll, Josiuh, Conn., Surg. Mate. 

Billings, IJciijiimin, Mass., Surg. 

Blnney, Barnabas, Pa., Ilosp. Surg. 

l?ird, Jonathan, Conn , Surg. 

]5ird, Setli, Coun., Surg, and Med. 
Examiner. 

Bishop, Smith, Md., attended Capt. 
Watkins' company. 

Jllakely, Zealous, Conn,, Surg. Mate. 

Blancliard, Samuel, Mass., Surg. Mate. 
Y Bland, Theodoric, Va., Gen. and M. C. 

Blish, Kzra, Conn., Surg. Mate. 

Bloomlield, Moses, N. J., Surg. Prov. 
Cong. 

Blyth, Joseph, N. C, Reg't Surg. 
/ Boardman, Stephen, N. II., Prov. Cong. 

Bogart, Nicholas, 11. I., Surg. 

l?ond, Hugh, N. C, Surg. 
■ Bond, Thomas, Pa , Exam. Surg. 

Bond, Thomas, Jr., Pa., Surg. Mate. 

Bordli'y, Wm., Md., Committee of Ob- 
servation. 

I'.ourk, Thomas, Md., Capt. of Militia 

Howen, l?eauaiah. Conn., Surg. Mate. 

Bowen, Joseph, R. I., Surg. Mate. 

Bowen, i'ardou. 

Bowie, * * * Pa.,Asst. Surg. Hosp. 

Boyd, Benj., Md., Surg. Mate. 

Boyd, Hugh, N. C. Surg. 

Boyd, John James, Surg. Schooner 
" (Jen. Putnam." 

I'.oyd, Hobert, Pa., Surg. 

Boyde, John, Md., Conv. and Commit- 
tee of Observation. 

Brackett, Joshua, N. H.j Admiralty 
patriot and judge. 

]5radford, Wm., K. I., Committee of 
Safety. 

BramticUl, * * *, S. C, Surg, to Ma- 
rion. 

Breed, Nathaniel, N. H., Prov. Cong. 

Brevai'd, Ephraim, N. C, Surg, Author 
of Mecklenburg Dec. liid[). 

Brewer, Chauncey, Mass , Prov. Cong. 

I'rewer, James. 

Brickott, James, Mass., Surg, and 
Lieut. -Col. 

Brickett, Daniel, Mass., Surg Mate. 

Briggs, l{ichard, Mass., Surg. ^L•lte. 

Brigiiam, Origen, i\Liss., Surg. Mate. 

Brinkerman, Valentine, Surg. Mate 
Navy. 

Briscoe, Jolin Hanson, Mil., Surg. 

Britain, John, Va., Surg. Mate Navy. 

Brockenborough, * * *, Va., Surg. 

Brodie, Ludovick, Vn., Surg. 



Brohon, .Tames, Md., employed by Coun- 
cil Safety. 

Bronson, Isaac, Conn., Surg Mate. 

IJrooks, John, Mass , Ijieut.-Col. 

Brooks, Laurence, N. H., Surg, on Ship 
Bon Homme. 

Brooke, Richard, Md., Conv. ^ 

Hrooks, Samuel, N. H., Prov. Cong. 

Brown, Dr. * * * Md., Surg. 

Brown, Benj., N. IL, Prov. Cong. 

Brown, Danl., Mass , Surg. Mate. 

Brown, Danl., Va., Surg. 14 Regt. 

Brown, Ezekiel, Mass., Suig. 

Brown, James, Md., Surg. 

Brown, Joseph, N. Y., Surg. 

Brown, Joseph, Va , Surg. 

Brown, Joseph, Pa., Surg. 

Brown, Stephen, Mass., service Prov. 
troops 

Brown, Wm., Va , Surg. 

Brown, Wm , Pa., Surg. Mate. 

Browne, Dr. * * *, Md., attended 
soldiers. 

Brownfield, Robt., N. C, Surg. Mate. 

Brownley, John, Va., Surg. Alate. 

Brownson, Nathaniel, S. C, Surg, and 
Dep. Prov. 

i5rnnson. Asa, Conn., Surg. Mate. 

Bryant, Wm., N. J., Surg 

Buchanan, James, Pa., Surg. 

Buck, Henry, Pa., attended soldiers. 

Buck, James, Pa., Surg. Mate. 

Budd, * * * N. Y., Surg. 

l?udd, Barnabas, N. J , Surg. 

Budd, B.'rnard, N. J., Surg. 

Budd, (ieorge, Md., Surg. Ship Defence. 

Budd, John, S. C, Surg. 

Bull, Thomas, N. C, Surg. Mate. 

Bullfinch, Thomas, Mass., petitioned to 
establish a hospital, Boston. 

Burke, Tiiomas, N. C, Prov. .Cong. 

Burnap, Nathan, Mass., Surg. 

Burnell, Wm., N. J., Surg. 

Burnett, Wm., N. J., Phys. and Surg.- 
Cenl. 

i?urnett, Wm., Jr., N. J., Hosp. Surg. 

Burrell, Charles, Pa , service to Coun- 
cil Safety. 

Burrett, Anthony, Conn., Surg. 

Cadwalhuler, Thomas, Pa., Surg. 

Caldwell, Andrew, Pa., Surg, ^iate in 
Hosp. 

Calvert, Jonatlian, Va , Surg, Mate. 

Camington, Ellas. 

Campbell, Alexander, Mass., Prov. 
Cong. 

Campbell, Geo. W., N. J., Hosp. Surg. 

Campbell, Tasquar, N. (\, Surg. 

Campfield, Jabez, N. J , Surg. 



OF THE REVOLUTION. 



119 



Carey, Dr., N. Y., Mustermaster. 
Cnrling, Dr., Mass., furnished supplies. 
Oartnichael, John F., Pa., Surg. Mate. 
Carrington, Elias, Va., Exam. Surg. 
Carter, .James, Va., House and Hosp. 
Carter, Thomas, Va., Surg. 
Carter, Wm. Sr., Va., Surg. 
Caryl, John, Va., Surg. Asst. 
Cathcart, Wm., Pa., Surg. 
Catlin, Ablel, Conn., Surg. 
Chace, John, R. I., Surg. Mate. 
Cliadwick, Edmund, N. H., Surg. Mate. 
Chalkers, Isaac, Conn., Surg. ISIate 
Chalmers, Lioual, S. C, attended pris- 
oners. 
Cbapin, John, Va., Navy. 
Chaplin, Benj., Va , Surg. 
Charlton, John, N. Y., Com. of Obsv. 
Chase, John, R. I., Surg. Mate. 
Chase, Joshua, N. H , Surg. Mate Navy. 
Chase, Josiah, Pa , Surg. Mate. 
Chase, Solomon, N. H., rendered service 

to soldiers. 
Cheeney, Pennel, Conn., Surg. ^late. 
Cheeseman or Chisman, Thomas, Va., 

Surg. Mate Navy. 
Cheever, Abijah, Mass.. Surg. Navy. 
Chester, Isaac, Conn., Surg. Mate. 
Child, Timothy, Mass., Surg. 
Christie, Thomas, Va., Surg. 
Church, Benj,, Mass., First Director- 

Geiil. and Phys. in Chief of the Hosp. 
Clark, Hezekiah, Conn., Surg. Mate. 
Clark, John, Mass., Exam. Surg. / 

Clark, Joseph, Mass , Surg. 
Clarkson, Gerardus, Pa., attended sick 

by Council Safety. 
Clayton, Joshua, Del., Prov. Conv. 177G. 
Cleaveland, I'arker, Mass., Surg. 
Clements, Mace, Va., Surg. 
Clinton, Charles, N. Y., Prov. Conv. 
Coale, Saml., Md., furnished saltpetre. 
Coats, John, Mass., Surg. 
Coates, John, Pa., Captain. 
Cobb, David, Mass., Surg Mate. 
Cochran, John, N. J., Chief Phys. and 

Surg. Army. 
CofRn, Nathaniel, Maine, Patriot. 
Coggswell, James, Mass., Surg. 
Coggswell, INIason F., Conn., Surj:. 

Mate. 
Coggswell, Wm., N. H., Surg. 
Cole, Walter King, Va , Surg. Navy. 
Colhoon. John, Pa., Council of Safety. 
Coleman, Asaph., Conn., Surg. 
Colman, Noah, N. H., Surg. Col. 

Weber's Regt. 
Corinnt, Dr. * * *, Mass., Surg. 
Condict, John, N. J., Surg. 



Condit, John, N. J., Surg. Mate. 

Cook, James, Surg. Navy. 

Cook, John, N. H., Surg. State Troops. 

Cook, Nathaniel, Mass., Surg. Mate. 

Cooke, Samuel, N. Y., Surg. 

Cooke, Stephen, Va.» Surg 

Cooley, Samuel, N. C, Surg. 

Cooper, Samuel, N. C, Surg. Mate. 

Corbet, John, Mass., Prov. Cong. 

Cornelius, Elias, R. I., Surg. Mate Line. 

Coskey, A. M., Surg. 

Coskey, Wm., Surg. Mate. 

Courts, Richard Henly, Md., Surg. 

Mate. 
Coventry, John, Pa., Hosp. Mate. 
Cowell, David, paid for services by 

Congress. 
Cowell, John, Pa., Hosp. Surg. 
Cox, ,Iohn, Pa., Mnj. Phil. .Militia. 
Craddock, Thos., Md , Bait. Committee 

Safety. 
Craig, Dr. * * *, Md., took care of 

Md. Militia. 
Craigie, Andrew, Mass., Apothecary to 

Colony. 
Craik, James, Va., Phj'S. Gen to Army. 
Crane, John, Mass., Surg / 

Crane, John, S. C, Apothecary. 
Crane, Joseph, N. Y., Surg. 
Crane, Jos., N. Y , Prov. Cong Surg 
Craven, Dr., N. J., Surg. 
Cregier, John, N Y., Surg. 
Crocker, John, Mass., Surg. 
Crocker, John, Jr., Mass.. Surg. 
Crosby, Ebenezer, N. Y., Surg. 
Crosby, Samuel, Mass., !Surg. Col. 

Ward's Regt. 
Crossnian, Dr., Mass., kept account of 

Indian affairs for Government. 
Cummins, Robert, N. J., Surg. Mate. 
Carrie, Wm., Pa., Surg, furnished 

medicines. 
Curtis, Benj , N. Y., Surg. 
Curtiss, Samuel, N. H., Surg. 
Cnshing, John, N. H., Surg .M;ite Navy. 
Cushing. Lemuel, Mass., Surg. 
Cutter, A. P., Mass., Surg. 
Cutting, John Brown, Del., Apothecary. 
Dnggett, Ebenezer, Mass., Prov. Cong. 
Dakin, Amos, N. H., House of Reps. -^ 
Daliiig, Timothy, Mass., Surg. 
Daly, James, Surg. Navy. 
Darcy, John, Pa., Surg. Mate. 
Dashiell, Wm., Md., Surg. Mate. 
Davidson, James, Pa., Surg. 
Davics, John, Pa., Surg. 
Davies, Joseph, Pa., Surg. 
Davis, John, Pa., Surg. 
Davis, John, N. C, Surg. 



120 



MEDICAL MEN 



Davis, Joscpli, Vii., Surg. 

Diivis, .Samuel, Pa., IIosp. Surg. Mnte. 

Day, Elkanah, N. Y., ('apt. and Memb. 

Committee of Safety. 
Day, Isaac, Conn., Surg. 
Dayton, David, NjY., Prov. Cong. 
Dayton, Jonathan, S. C, services to 

prisoners. 
Dearborn, Heni-y, N. H., Mnj, Gen. 
Dearborn, Levi, N. II., Prov. Cong. 
De Bennoville, Daniel, Va., Surg. 
De Bevier, * * *, France, Surg. Mnte 
DeFlorat, Jean Augustus, Pa., Surg. 

Mate. 
Degraw, Walter, N. J., Convention. 
Delahowe, Dr., S. C, attended wounded 

soldiers. 
Delancy, Sharp, Pa., rendered service. 
De Lavergne, IJenj , N. Y., Prov. Cong. 
Denwood, Leviu, Md., Surg. 
Detrick, ISlichael. Pa., Surg. Mate. 
De Witt, I'.enj , N. Y., Prov. Cong. 
Dexter, Wm., Mass., Surg. Mate. 
Dickenson, John. Conn., Exam. Surg. 

Conn. Assem. 
Dickinson, Dr., Surg. ]\Iate Navy. 
Dickinson, Nathaniel, Vt., Surg. 
Diggs, Joseph, M(L, Com. of Obsv. 
Dinsmore, Wm., Mass., Prov. Cong. 
Dixon, Anthony, Va., Surg. 
Dixon, Anthony F., Va., Surg. 
Dixon or Nixon, Anthony Tucker, Va., 

Surg. 
Dodson, Robert, Va., Surg. iNIate Navy. 
Donaldson. Dr., Mass., killed by the 

British. 
Donning, Richard, Md., Surg. Mate. 
Dorris, Wm. B., Tenn., Surg. 
Dorsey, John, N. J , Sui-g, Mate. 
Dorsey, John, Md., Surg. 
Dorsey, Nathan, Md., Surg. Mate Ship 

" Defence." 
Douglas, John, Pa., Surg. 
Downer, Abraham, N. 11., proffered 

services. 
Downer, Averj', Conn., Surg. 
Downer, Eliphalet, Mass., Surg. 
Draper, George, Va., Surg. 
Draper, George, N. J., Surg. Mate. 
Drown or Drowne, Solomon, 11. I., 

Surg. 
Du Barry, Wm., Pa., Surg. Mate. 
Duff, Dr. Newport, Del., Surg, of the 

" Due de Lanzen." 
Duff, Ell ward, Va., Surg. 
DutKehJ, Benj., Pa., attended pest- 

liouse. 
Duffield, John, Pa., Surg. Mate Navy. 
DufHcld, John, Mass., Surg. 



Duflfield, Samuel, Pa., Surg Navy. 

Dunham, Lewis F., N. J., Surg. 

Dunham, Lewis. Surg. Mate Navy. 

Dunham, Obadiah, N. II., Genl. Conven. 

Dunliip, James, Pa , Surg. Navy. 

Dunsmore, Wm , Mass., Surg. Prov. 
Cong. 

Durant, Edward, Mnss , Surg. 

Durham, Abijah, N. H., Gen Conven. 

Dusenbury, Wm., N. Y., applicant for 
a Surgeoncy. 

D wight, Dr., Mass , Prov. Cong. 

Dyar, I>enj., Conn., furn'sh medicines. 

Dyer, Jared, R I., Surg. 

Hager, Geo., N. Y., Surg. 

Kaker, Joseph, Pa., attended soldiers. 

Easton, Jonathan, 11. 1 , attended a sick 
soldier. 

Edminston, Samuel, Pa., second Surg. 
Genl. Hosp. 

Edwards, Enoch, N. J., Surg. Cora, of 
Obsv. 

Edwards, Joshua, Conn., Surg. Mate 
Navy. 

Edwards, Joshua, Pa., Surg. 

Egbert, Jacob V , Ga., Surg. Mate. 

Ehrenzeller, Jacob, Pa., Surg. 

Elbert, John L., Md., Surg. Mate. 

Elderkin, Joshua, Conn., employed by 
Committee of Safety. 

Eliott, Ben)., S. C, Surg. Mate. 

Ellicott, *■* *, Conn , Surg. 

Elliot, Dr., Mass., consulted as to 
mortality, Boston. 

Elliott, John, N. Y., Surg Mate. 
Ellis, Benj., Conn., Surg. 

Elmer, Ebenezer, N. J., Surg. 

Elmer, Moses, N. J., Surg. 

Ely, Benj., N. Y., subscriber to N. Y. 

Assoc. 
Ely, Elisha, Conn , Surg. Maie. 
Ely, John, Conn., Surg, and ALij. 
Emerson, Samuel, Mass., Surg. 
Endicott, John, Mass., Surg Mate. 
Endicott, Samuel, N. H., Surg. 
English, James, N. J., Surg. Mute. 
Ervin, David, N. J , Surg. 
Eustis, Wm., Mass., Surg., Governor, 

Sec. of War, etc. 
Evans, George, Mass., Surg. Mate. 
Ewen, David, N. J., Surg. Mate. 
Ewing, Thomas, N. J., Surg, and Mnj. 
Fague, Dr., Conn., Surg.-Cc;.. 
Fairbanks, George, Mass., Surg. Mate. 
Fallon, Jiiines, Surg. Navy. 
Fanning, .lohn, Conn., Surg. 
Fari'ar, Tield, S. C, Surg. Prov. Cong. 
Farrish, Robert, Va., Surg. Mate. 
Fay, Jonas, Vt., Council Safety. 



OF THE KEVOLUTION. 



121 



Fayssoux, Peter, S. C, Chief Phys. 

Hosp. S. Dept. 
Fenton, Joseph, Pa., Surg. 
Fergus, James, N. C, Surg. 
Ferguson, Robert, Va., Surg. Mate. 
Ferguson, Saml., S. C, Surg. 
Feron, ■]., France, Surg. Msijor. 
Field, Siunuel, Conn., Conn. Assembly. 
Finley, Ur. * * *, Md., recommended 

for Surgeoncy. 
Finley, James E. B , S. C, Regt. Surg. 
Finley, James B., Mass., Surg. 
Finley, Joseph, Mass., Surg. 
Finley, Samuel, Mass., Surg. 
Fisher, Adam, Md., Council of Safety. 
Fisher, Joshua, Mass., Surg. Navy. 
Fisk, Ehenezer, N. H., atten. wounded 

soldiers. 
Fisk, Joseph, Mass., Surg. 
Fiske, Caleb, R. I , Surg. 
Fitch, Aseal, Conn., Surg. Mate. 
Flagg, Henry Collins* S. C, Surg and 

Dept. Apoth. Genl. in the South. 
Flagg, John, Mass., Lieut.-Col. of Mi- 
litia. 
Foot, Nathan, N. H., protested against 

retreat from Onion R. 
Forgue, Francis, Conn., Surg. 
Formal), Wm., N. Y., Surg. 
Fosdick, Thomas, Conn., Surg. Mate. 
Foster, Abiel, N. H., Genl. Assembly. 
Foster, Isaac, Mass., Direct.-Gen. of 

Hosp. in E. Dept. 
Foushsee or Faushee, Wm., Va. 
Freeland, James, Mass., Surg. 
Freeman, Melancthon, N. J., Surg, in 

Militia. 
Freeman, Nathaniel, Mass., Brig. -Gen. 

Militia. 
Fridges, Harris Clary, Mass., Surg. 

Mate. 
Fullerton, Humphrey, Va., Surg. 
Fullon, James, Pa., Surg, in Hospital, 

Philada. 
Gale, Benj., Conn., Exam. Surg. 
Gale, Samuel, Conn., Surg. 
Gait, John Minson, Va., Hosp. Surg. 
Gait, Patrick, Va., Surg. 
Garden, Alex., S. C, Surg, to Prisoners. 
Gardiner, Richard, Pa., Surg. 
Gardiner, Samuel, Mass., Com. of Suf- 
folk. 
Gardner, John, N. Y., Surg. Mate. 
Gardner, Joseph, Pa., Signer of Cont'l 

bills of credit. 
Gardner, N., N. Y., Gen. and Surg. 
Gay, Samuel, Va., Surg. 
Geekie, James, N. C, Surg. 
Gerwood, Wm., Md., Surg. Mate. 



Gibson, John, Va., Surg. Mate. 
Giddings, John, N. H., Assembly. 
Gilbert, Ebenezer, Surg, of Ship " Re- 
venge." 
Gilder, Reuben, Del., Surg. 
Giles, Dr., Apothecary General. 
Gill, James, Surg, of Artillery'. 
Gillett, * * *, S. C, Surg. 
Gilman, Josiah, N. H., Inspector of 

Saltpetre. 
Gilmer, George, Va., Hosp. Surg. 
Glentworth, Geo., Pa., Surg. 

Glover, Samuel H., Mass , Surg. Mite. 

Goodwin, Francis L. B., Mass. Surg. 
Mate. 

Gonlan, James, IVId., allowed to import 
chest of medicine 

Goss, Eben Hnrden, Mass., Surg. 

Gould, David, Va., Surg. Mate. 

Gould, David, Sr., Va., Surg. 

Gould, Witham, Va., Surg. 

Gove, John, N. H., Hillsborough Co. 
Cong. 

Graham, Andrew, Conn., Surg. Mate. 

Graham, Chauncy, N. Y., attended sick. 

Graham, Geo., N. Y., Surg. M:ite. 

Graham, Isaac, Mass., Surg. .Mate. 

Graham, Isaac Gilbert, N. Y., Surg. 
Mate. 

Graham, John Augustus, N. Y., attend- 
ed a prisoner. 

Graham, Lewis, N. Y., Prov. Cong. 

Graham, Robert, N. Y., Prov. Cong. 

Graham, Stephen, N. Y., Surg. Mate. 

Graham, Wm., Va., Surg. Mate. 

Grant, Daniel, Md., furnished a room 
to Com. Safety. 

Gray, James, Md., Com. of Observa- 
tion. 

Gray, Samuel, Mass., had charge of 
prisoners. 

Gray, Thomas, Mass , Surg. ^late. 

Gray, Thomas, Conn , Surg. IMate. 

Green, Benjamin, N. II , Surg. Mate. 

Green, Charles, Va., Surg. 

Green, Ezra, N. II., Surg. Navy. 

Green, James, N. C, Surg. 

Green, Peter, N. H., Surg. 

Greene, Jas. W., N. C, Phys. and Surg. 

Greer, Charles, Va., Surg 

Gregg, Amos, Pa., Supr. Ex. Coun. Pa. 

Gregur, Dr. * * *, N. Y., Surg. 

Grier, Ciias., Va., Navy. 

GritBn, Corbin, Va., State Surg. 

Griffith, David, Vsi., Surg, and Chap. 

Griffith, John, Md., Services in Ho.--p. 
at Bait. 

Griffiths, S. P., Pa., served wounded. 

Gross, Ebenezer H., N. II., Surg. 



122 



MEDICAL MEN 



Guest, James, Vi\., Surg and Lieut. 
Guild, Samuel, Surg. Mate on Frigate 

" Alliance." 
Guion, Isaac, N C, Surg. 
Guiteau, Kpliraim, Mass., Prov. Cong. 
Guston, Dr. * * *, Surg. Mate. 
Hagan, Francis, N. Y., Assist. -Surg. 
Haig, Dr., * * *, S. C, Gen'l Ass'mbly. 
Hale, Mordecai, N. Y., Surg. Mate. 
JIaley, J., i?. C, Surg. M:\te. 
Hall, Jeremiah, Mass., Prov. Cong. 
Hall, John, Me., Surg. Mate. 
Hall, Joseph, Md., Surg. 
Hall, Lyman, Ga., Cent. Cong. 
Hall, Mordecai, N. Y., Surg. Mate. 
Hall, Nathaniel, Mass , Surg. Mate. 
Hall, Percival, Mass., Surg. 
Hall, Robert, N. C, Surg. 
Hall, Wm., Md., Surg. 
Halliday, Leonard, Md., Com. of Ob- 
servation. 
Hallet, Joseph, freighted goods for 

Cont. Cong. 
Hailing, S ,Pa., Surg. Hosp. Bethelem. 
Halsey, Silas, N. Y., Com. of Observa- 
tion. 
Halsey, Stephen, N. Y., Surg. 
Hamilton. James, Pa., Surg. Mate. 
Hamni, Valentine, Va., Surg. 

Hammell, John, N. Y., applied for a 
Surgeoncy. 

Hammell, John, N. J., Surg. Mate. 

Hampton, John, N. J., Surg. 

Hand, Edward, Pa., Surg, and Brig.- 
Geu. 

Hansford, Gary H., Va., Surg. Mate. 

Harris, Chas., N. C, Doctor. 

Harris, Isaac, N. J., Surg. Mate. 

Harris, Jacob, N. J., Surg. 

Harris, Robert, Pa., Surg. Mate. 

Harris, Robert, Pa., manufactured 
Gunpowder for Cong. 

Harris (Tucker), S. C, Surg. 

Harrison, Elisba, Md., Surg. Mate. 

Hiirrison, Joseph, Hosp. Surg, at 
Bethlehem. 

Hart, John, Mass., Surg. 

Halt, Josiah, Conn. Surg. 

Hart, Oliver, N. C, Surg. Mate. 

Hart, Wm., N. J., Com. of Cor. 

Harvey, Josiah, Mas-s., Surg. Mate. 

Hastings^, Walter, Mass., Surg. 

Hatch, Josiah, Mass., Surg. Mate. 

Hathaway, Daniel, Mass., Surg. 

Haviland, Eberuzer, N Y., Surg. 

Hawse, James, Mass., Prov. Cong. 

Hay, Joseph, Va., Surg. 

Hayne, Ezekiel, Md , Surg. 

Haynes, Pardon, Mass., Soldier, etc. 



Hay ward, Lemuel, Mass., Surg. 
Hazleton, John, Vt., Surg. Mate. 
Henderson, G., Surg. Mate in Navy. 
Henderson, Thomas, N. J., Com. of Ob- 
servation. 
Hendry, Thomas, N. J , Surg. iNIate. 
Henry, Robt. R., N. J., Surg. 
Herrick, Martin, Mass., Surg. 
He wins, Elijah, Mass., Surg. 
Hewitt, Caleb, Pa., Surg. 
Hezzeltine, Saml., Mass., Surg. Mate. 
Hill, John, N. Y., sought appoint, of 

Surg. 
Hilton, Isaac, Me., Surg. 
Hindman, .fohn, Md., Surg. 
lUnds, Nehemiah, Mass., Chief Surg. 
Hitchcock, Gad, Mass., Surg. 
Hodge, Hugh, Pa., Surg. Mate. 
Hodgkins, Francis, N. H., Surg. Mate. 

Holhrook, Amos, Mass., Surg. 
Holbrook, Silas, Mass., Surg. Mate. 
Hole, Dr., Pa., Ool. and Surg. 
Holeky, John, Surg. Mate on Frigate 
" Alliance." 

Holmes, David, Conn., Surg. 

Holmes, David, Va., Surg. 

Holmes, James, N. J., Surg. 

Holmes, Silas, Conn., Surg. 

Holien, Samuel, Mass., House Reps. 

Homans, John, Mass., Surg. 

Hopkins, Lemuel, Conn., Surg. Mate. 

Horton, Jonathan, N. J., Surg. 

Hosmer, Timothy, Conn., Surg. 

Hugh, Walter, Conn., Surg. 

Houston, James, S. C, Surg, 

Hovey, Ivory, N. H., dui'g. 

How, Nehemiah, Mass., attended sick. 

Howard, Ephraim, Md., Mem. Conv. 

Howard, Lemuel, Mass., Surg. 

Howard, Thomas Henry, Md., Surg. 
Mate. 

Howell, Lewis, N J., Surg. 

Hubard, Leverett, Exam. Surg. 

Hubbard, Jacob, N. .)., Surg. 

Humbery, Fred., N. C, Surg. Mate. 

Hunt, Joseph, Mass., Surg. Mate. 

Hunter, George, Va., Surg, in Navy. 

Hurd, Isaac, Mass., Surg. 

Hutchinson, James, Pa.. Navy Hosp. 

Hyde, Phineas, Conn., Surg. Mate. 

Imes, John, N. Y., Com. of Observation. 

Ingram, J., N. C, Surg. 

Ireland, John, Md., Co:.-., "of Observa- 
tion. 

Irvine, Matthew, Va., Surg. 

Irvine, Wm., S. C, Surg. 

Ives, Levi, Conn.. Surg. .Mate. 

Jackson, David, Pa-, Surg. 

Jackson, Hall, N. H., Surg. 



OF THE REVOLUTION. 



123 



Jackson, Joshua Hall, N. H. 

Jameson, David, rendered services to 
soldiers. 

Jamieson, Wm., Mass., Surg. 

Jenimison, Wm., Mass., I'rov. Cong. 

Jenifer, Daniel, Jr., Md., Surg. 

Jenifer, Daniel, Md., Surg. 

Jennings, Jacob, of N. J., Surg. 

Jennings, John, Va.. Surg. Mate Navy. 

Jennings, Michael, Pa., Surg. 

Jepsoti, Wm., Conn., Surg. 

Jerauld, Gorton, li. I., Surg. 

Jewell, Gibbons, Conn., Keg't Surg. 

Jewett, Gibbon, Conn., Surg. 

Johnes, Timothy, N. J., Surg. 

Johnson, Dr., N. Y., Surg. 

Johnson, Edward, Md., Com. of Obser- 
vations. 

Johnson, John, Md., Surg. Mate. 

Jolinson, Robert, N. V., Phys. Gen. 
Hosp. 

Johnson, Robert, Pa., Surg. 

Johnston, Uzal, N. J., Surg. 

Johnston, Wm., Surg .Mate Navy. 

Johbnnot, Wm., France, Assist, Apoth. 
Gen. for IIosp. Dept. Potomac. 

Jones, Dr. * * *, N. II., Surg. 

Jones, David, Mass., Surg. 

Jones, James, Pa., Surg. 

Jones, John, N. Y., Surg, and Examiner. 

Jones, Nathaniel, Mass., ("om. Safety. 

'Jones, N. W., Ga., Spr. Ga. House. 

Jones, Reuben, N. H., Ck., Com. N. H. 
Grants. 

Jones, Timothy, N. J., Surg. 

Jones, Thomas, N. Y., made Inventory 
of Med. 

Jones, Walter, V;i., Surg. 

Jordan, Clement, Mass., Com. Cor. 

Joslyn, Joseph, K. I., Surg. 

Julian, John, Va., Surg. 

Kameston, Reuben, prote.sted against 
leaving Onion River. 

Keemie, John, Pa., Surg. 

Keene, Saml. F., Md., Surg. Mate. 

Kemp, Thomas, Va., Suig. Mate. 

Kenedy, Jo.seph, N. C, Com. purchase 
Military Stores. 

Kennedy, Samuel, Pa., Surg. 

Keys, Zacariah, N. Y., Surg. Mate. 

Kilty, Wm., .Md., Surg. 

King, Jonathan, Mass., petitioned Con- 
gress to Manufacture Chemicals. 

King, .Miles, Va., Surg. Mate. 

Kingberry, Asa, Conn., Surg. Mate. 

Kittrcdge, Thos., Mass., Surg. 

Kneeland, Dr., Mass., tiie Records of 
the Probate Office were secured in his 
house. 



Knight, Isaac, Conn.. Surg. 
Kniffht, John, Va., Surg. Mate. 
Knight, .Jiio., Va., Surg. 
Knight, Jonathan, Conn., Surg. 
Knood, Samuel Y., Md., Surg. Mate. 
Knowles, James, N. H., House of lieps. 
Kuhn, Adam, Pa., Director- General of 

Hospital. 
Ladley, Andrew, Pa.. Surg. 12th Pa. 
Lajournade, Alex., Va. or Md., Surg. 

Mate, in .Vi tillery. 
Land, Clias., Va., Surg. Mate. 
Landrum, Thomas, Va., Surg. Mate in 

Navy and Army. 
Langton, Wm., Mass., Surg. Mate. 
Latham, Dr. ^ * *, N. Y., attended a 

sick soldier. 
Latimer, Henry, Del., Surg. 
Lay, Lee, Conn., Com. of Safety. 
Leavenworth, Nathan, Mass., Surg. 

Mate. 
Ledger, Dr. * * *, N. Y., Surg. ?ilate. 
Lediie, Andrew, Pa.. Surg. 
Ledyanl, Isaac, N. Y., Surg. Mate. 
Lee, Arthur, Va., Diplomatist. 
Lee, Jonathan, Conn., Surg. Mate. 
Lee, Joseph, N. H., attended sick sol- 

diei's 
Lee, Samuel, Conn., Surg, ship "Oliver 

Cromwell." 
Leibt, Michael, Pa , attended soldier?. 
Lemmon, Robert, MiJ., Com. of Obser- 
vation. 
Lewis, Joseph, Conn., Surg. 
Lewis, Wm , N. C , Surg Mate. 
Lind, * * *, Surg. Canada Dept. 
Linn, John, Director of Hosp. in dis 

trict of Queliec. 
Little, Dr. * * *, Mass., Surg. Mate. 
Livingston, Justice, Va., Surg, in Navy. 
Lockinan, Chas., S. C, Surg. Mate. 
Lockman, John, S. C, Hosp. Surg. 

Mate. 
Long, John, Mass., Surg. 
Loomi.s, Jonathan, N. C, Surg. Mate. 
Lord, Elisha, Conn., Exam. Surg. 
Lord, John, Mass., Sui'g. 
Lord, .Josial), Surg. 
Loree or Loring, Ephraim, N J., Surg. 

Mate. 
Loring, Geo. Bailey, Mass., IIosp. 

Surg. 
Lothrop, Dr. * * *, furtiished Med. 
Love, David, N. C, acct. settled for 

services in Revolutionary War. 
Ludwig. Chas., Pa., Surg. 
Lyles, Richard, Md., Surg. Mate.'**' 
Lynd, John, Surg, in Canada. 
Lynn, Jno. L., N. Y., Surg. 



124 



MEDICAL MEN 



Lyon or Lyotis, John, Va , Surg. JLite. 
Lyon, \\m., Md., ('oin. of Observation. 
Macck, .liicob, N. Y., Surg, on Lakes. 
Miiekiiy, Andrew, Mass., Surg. 
Macktiy, Kobert, Va , Surg. 
iMackenzie, * * *, iMd., authorized to 

buy .Medicines. 
Maclean. Wm., N. C, Surg. Mate. 
Magaw, Wm., Pa., Surg. 
Malcolm, Henry, Pa., Surg. Navy. 
Manis, James, Md., Surg. 
RLmn, James, N. Y., Surg. 
j\Iann, Oliver, Mass., Surg. 
Mann, Perez, Conn., Surg. Mate. 
Manning, .lolin, Mass., Surg. 
Manning, Luther, Conn., Surg. Mate. 
March, i)r. * * * N. IL, House of Rep. 
Marshall, Jenifer, Va., Surg. Rlate 

Navy. 
ISLirshall, Thomas, Md., Surg. 
ALirtin, blnnals, ^Ll., Surg. Mate. 
Martin, Hugh, Va., Surg. Mate. 
Martin, Hugh, Pa., Surg. 
Martin, James, N. C, Surg. Navy. 
INhirtin, .f(din E., Surg, ftlate. 
Marvin, Kbenezer, Mass., Services and 

furnished Medicines. 
Marvin, .loseph, N. Y., Surg. 
Mason, lleuben, \l. L, Surg. 
IVhither, Elcazer, Conn., Surg. 
INIather, Samuel, Conn., Surg, and 

Capt. 
Mather, Timothy, K. L, Surg. 
Mattoon, Samuel, N. II., attended sick 

soldier.s. 
Maus, ^Lltthew, Pa., Surg. 
McAdams, .loseph, Va., Surg. Mate. 
]\lcCalla, 'i'hos. II., S. C, Reg Surg. 
McCalla, Thos. M., Pa., Surg. 
McCarter, Chas., N. J., Surg. 
McCauley, Dr., Conn., Surg, taken 

prisoner. 
IMcCle.'in, Dr., N. Y,, furnished Ship 

"Asia" with ]\Iedicine. 
McClean, Archibald, Pa., siezed Estates 

of Loyalists. 
McCloskey, Samuel A., Pa., Surg. 
McClosky, Wm., Pa., Surg. Mate. 
McClure, Wm., N. C, Surg. 
McClurg, James, Va., Surg. 
McClurg, Walter, Va., Surg. 
McColfrey, Samuel A., Pa., Surg. 
MfCoskey, Alex., Pa., Surg. 
McCoskey, Wm , Pa., Surg. Mate. 
McCowell, D., Pa., Surg, of Phila. Army 

Ilosp. 
McCrea, Stephen, N. Y., Surg. 
McDonough, Tliomas, Del., Major. 
McDowl, John, Pa., Surg. 



McElyea, John, N. C, Surg. 

Mcllenry, Matthew, I'a., Surg. Prov, 
Ship " Montgomery." 

McKcnney, * * *, Surg. Canada Dept. 

McKenry, .lames, I'a., Surg, and Major. 

.McKenzie, Samuel, J'a., Surg. 

McKinly, John, Del., Surg. 

McKniit, Joseph, N. C, Conv. and Com. 
Safety. 

McKnight, Chas., N Y., Surg, 

McLain, Wm , Va., Surg. Mate. 

MciMeeclien, Wm., Va., Surg. 

McNickle, John, Va., Surg. Mate, 

McNight, * * *, N. Y., Hosp. Surg. 

Mead, Amos, Conn., Memb. Assembly. 

Mead, Wm., N. Y., Surg. 

Mecben, Wm., Va., Surg. 

Menenia, Daniel, N. Y., Surg. 

Mercer, Hugh, Va., Surg, and Brig. 
Gen. 

Merriam, Silas, Mass., Surg. 

Merrick, Samuel Fiske, Mass., Surg. 
Mate. 

lAletcalf, Dr. * * *, N. Y., Surg. 

Middleton, Alex., Va., furnished Med. 
Army. 

iMiddlcton, l^assett, Va., Surg. 

Middleton, Peter, N. Y., attended pris- 
oners. 

IMiller, Aaron John, ^lass., Surg. I\Lite. 

Miller, Renj., N. Y., Surg. 

Miller, Edward, Del., Hosp. Mate. 

Miller, Fiuley, Md., Surg. Mate 2Gth 
Rcgt. 

Miller, John, Del., Surg. 

Minot, Tim'y, Mass., attended wounded 
at Concord. 

Molleson, Wm., Md., Com. of Corr. 

Monroe, Geo., Del., Surg.? 

Montgomery, Samuel, R I., Surg. 

Mooers, Dr. * * *, N. H., applied for 
Commission. 

Moore, Henry, N. Y., Hosp. Surg. Mate. 

Moore, Saml., Surg. 

Moore, Samuel I'reston, Pa., Prov. 
Treasurer. 

Mory, Samuel, N. H., Surg. Mate. 

Morgan, Abel, Pa., Surg, and Lieut. 

Morgan, Benj., Mass., Surg. I\Lite. 

Morgan, Rennet, N. C, Surg. Mate. 

iMorgan, John, Pa., Phys. and Director- 
General of Hospitals. 

Morrill, Samuel, N. II., rer:tlered pro- 
fessional services. 

Morris, .lames, Md., Surg. 

Morris, Jonathan, Pa., Committee of 
Safety. 

Morris, Jonathan Eord, N. J., Surg. 
and Lieut. 



OF THE REVOLUTION. 



125 



Morrow. Dr * * *, Surg, of Ship 
" Ilyder Ali." 

Morrow, Dnvid, Mr)., Surg. 

Morrow. Samuel, Md., Surg. 

^ror.se, Moses, Mass., Prov. Cong. 

Motett, Lewis, S. C, Surg. 

Moultrie, John, S. C, Surg. 

Mullican. Isaac, Mass., Surg. Mate. 

Munro, Stephen, R. I., Surg. Mate. 

Munroe, George, Va., Surg. 

Munson, .Aneas, Conn., Surg. 

Murdock, James, N. J., discharged from 
Surgeoncy. 

Murray, David, Va., Surg. Mate Navy. 

Murray, Henry, Va., Surg. 

Murrow, David, Md., Surg. 

Murry, Wm., furnished Med. and ren- 
dered Prof, services. 

Neal, Francis, Md., Surg. Mate. 

Nelson, John, Md., Surg 

Neufville, Wm., S. C, Regt. Surg. 

Newman, * * *, Pa., Surg. ^Nlate. 

Nichols, Moses, N. II., General and 

House of Representatives. 
Nicholson, Geo., N. Y., applied for 

Surg. Mate. 
Nicholson, Robert, Va., Surg. 
Norton, Elias, Conn., Surg. Mate. 
Noyes, Enoch, N. H., Prov. Cong. 
Noyes, John, Conn., Surg. 
Nye, Samuel, ISLiss., Surg. Navy. 
Olcott, Geo., Conn., Surg. 
Oidenbruck, Daniel, Pa , Surg. 
Oliphant, David, S. C, Surg. Director- 
General S. Army. 
Oliver, Nathaniel, Mass., Surg. Mate. 
O'Neal, Francis, Pa , Surg. 
Osborn, Cornelius, N. Y., Surg. 
Osborn, John, N. Y., furnished Supplies. 
Osgood. Dr., Mass., Surg. 
Otto, Bodo, Pa., Surg 
Otto, Bodo, Jr., N J., Surg. Mate. 
Otto, Frederick, N. J., Surg. 
Otto, John, Pa., Surg. Mate. 
Outwater, Thomas, N. Y., Com. of Ob- 
servation. 
Packer, * ^ *, Surg. Northern Dept. 
Page, William, Vt., Surg. 
Pallifer, Jacques, R. I., Surg. Mate. 
Paris, Peter, Pa., Surg. 
Pan.sh. John, R. I., Surg. Mate. 
Park, Daniel, Mass., Surg. 
Parke, Thonins, Pa., attended Soldiers. 
Parker, Daniel, Mass. 
Parker, Wm., N. H., Surg Navy. 
Parker, Wm., Jr., N. II., Surg.' 
Parley, Abraham. Mass., Surg. 
Parnham, Johu, Md,, Com. of Observa- 
tion. 



Parton, Wm., N. C, Surg. 

Pasture, Wm., N. C, Surg. 

Patterson, Robert, N. J., Surg. Mate. 

Patterson, Robert, Pa., Surg. 

Payton, V., Pa., Surg. Mate IIosp. 

Peabody, Nathaniel, Mass , Surg, and 
Gen. 

Peabody, Thos., N. H., Chairman Com. 
Safety. 

Peacock, John, Surg. Mate. 

Peason, David, N. J., Surg. Militia. 

Peck, Chas., N. Y.,Snrg. (employed as). 

Pelham, Wm., Va.. Surg. 

Pell, Ithurial, N. Y., Surg. 

Pell, Jos. S., Va , Surg, in State Navy. 

Pell, Salua, N. Y., Surg. 

Peres, Peter, Pa , Surg. 

Perkins, Abijah, N. Y., Lieut. 

Perkins, Elisha, Surg. Mate on " Bon 
Homme." 

Perkins, Elisha, Conn., Surg. 

Perkins, Joseph, R. I , furnished Sur- 

• gical Insts. 

Perkins, Richard, Mass., Prov. Cong. 

Perkins, Seth, N. Y., Signer of N. Y. 
Association. 

Perkins, Wm., Mass., supplied Medi- 
cines. 

Perry, Benj., Pa., Surg. 

Perry, Benj. S., S. C, Regt. Surg. 
Perry, John, Md., Surg. 
Perry, Joshua, R. I., Surg. 
Peters, Alex. A., N. C, Surg. Mate. 
Peyton, Valentine, Va., Surg. 
Phile, John, Pa., Surg. Mate. 
Phillips, Theophilus, N. Y., Signed As- 
sociation, 
Phyle, Frederick, Pa., attended 5tli Pa. 

Battalion. 
Pierson, Matthew, N. J., Com. of Ob- 
servation. 
Pierson, Silas, N. Y., Candidate for 

Captaincy. 
Pindall, Richard, :\Id., Surg. 
Pindell, John, Md., Surg. 
Pine, John, Md., Surg. 
Pitcher, John, Mass., Surg, 
Pitt, .John, Va., Surg. Navy. 
Piatt, Samuel, Pa., Surg. Mate. 
Pointsette, E., S. C, Surg. Mate. 
Poll, John Simon, Va., Surg. 
Pond, Elisha, .Mass., Surg. Mate. 
Pomeroy, John, Vt., Surg. Mate. 
Pool, Jonathan, N. H,, Surg. Mate. 
Pope, .Matthew, Va., Surg. 
Porter, Andrew, .Md., recommended for 

Surgeoncy, 
Porter, Benj. Jones, Mass., Surg. Mate. 
Porter, Joshue, Jr., Surg. Mate Navy. 



126 



MEDICAL MEN 



Potter, Gilbert, N. Y., Com. Safety. 

Potter, .lared. Conn., Surg. 

Potter, Zivbdiel, Md., Surg. 

Pottinger, Robert, Md., Com. Cor. 

Potts, .lonrttlmn, Pa., Surg. Director- 
General of Jlosp. 

Poyns, John G., S. C. llosp. Surg, 
Mate. 

I'ratt, Shuball, Va., Surg. 

Prealeau, P. S., S. C, Surg. 

Prescott, .losepli, Mass., Surg. Mate. 

Prescott, James, S. C, Surg. 

Pre.scott, Oliver, Mass., Surg. ^ 

Preston, Amariah, Conn., Patriot. 

Preston, John, N. II., Patriot and 
Judge. 

Prior, Abner, N. Y., Surg. Mate. 

Prudden, I'hos., Pa., llosp. Surg. iMate. 

Putnam, Aaron, Mass., Surg. iMate. 

Pynchon, Chas., Mass., Prov. Cong. 

Quinlan, James, Va., Surg. 

Uadloif, Jno. Fred., Mass., Surg. Mate. 

Rague, John, Pa., Surg. 

Rainey, Stephen, Conn., Surg. ISIate. 

Ramsay, David, S. C, Surg, and States- 
man. 

Ramsay, Jesse II., S. C, Surg. Mate. 

Ramsay, John, Pa., Surg. 

Ramsay, J. W., S. C, Surg. 

Ramsay, Jos. II., S. C, llosp. Surg. 
Mate. 

Ramsey, John, Ya., Surg. 

Rand, Isaac, Mass., Surg. 

Ravyson,Dr. * * * Mass., Prov. Cong. 

Ray, Andre, Va., Surg. 

Read, Thos. C, N. J.. Surg. Mate. 

Read, Wm., S. C. llosp. Surg. 

Read, Wm., Physician in Gen. llosp. 

Redman, Josepii, Jr., I'a., Surg. 

Reed. Thomas, N. J., llosp. Surg. 

Reeder, Henry, Md., Com. Corr. 

Reid, Dr. * * *, Va., Capt. 

Reid, Thos., N. Y., Surg. 

Reiger, Jacob, Pa., Surg. 

Reinick, Christian, Pa., Surg. IMate. 

Renderson.Dr. * * *, N.Y., Com. Ob- 
servation. 

Reynolds, John, Va., Surg. Navy. 

Hhodes, Joseph, R. I., Surg. Mate. 

Kice, Dr. * * *, Mass., Prov. Cong. 

Richarils, Samuel, Surg. Navy. 

Richards, Wm., Surg. Mate. 

Richardson, Abijah, Mass., Surg. 

Richmond, Ebenozer, R. I., Surg. Mate. 

Rickman, Wm., Va.. Surg, and Direc- 
tor-CJeiieral Hospital. 

Uidgely, Frederick, Md., Surg. 

Ridgely, Frederick, Mass., made Inven- 
tory of Medicines. 



Rickcr, John Rerrien, N. J., Surg. 

Ringgold, Jacob, Md., distributed Pow- 
der. 

Ritclimond, John, Mass., Surg. Brig. 
" Reprisal." 

Rittenhouse, Dr. * * *, Pa., appt. by 
Com. Safety to Supt. Construction of 
work. 

Roan, Dr. * * *, N. J., Surg, 

Roback, Jacob, Vt., Surg. 

Roberts, John, Va., Surg. 

Roberts, Peter, IMass,, House of Reps. 

Robinson, Dr. * * *, Md., attended 
Capt. Forrest's Co. 

Robinson, Robt., Pa., Surg. IMate. 

Robinson, Thos., Pa., solicited Sur- 
geoncy. 

Robinson, Wm., Mass , Surg. Mate. 

Roche or Roach, Nicholas, N. J., Surg. 

Rodgers, Nathaniel, N. II., Surg. Navy. 

Roe, Wm., Va., Surg Navy. 

Rogers, John R. 15., Pa., Surg. 

Rogers, Theopliilus, Conn., Com. Corr. 

Rogue, .lolin, N. J., Surg. Mate 

Root, Josiah, Jr , Surg. Mate Navy. 

Root, Josiah, (Jonn., Apotii. Gen. Conn. 

Rose, .lohn, Conn., Surg. 

Rose, Prosper, Conn., Surg. Mate. 

Rose, Robert, Va., Surg. 

Ross, Alexander, N. J., Surg. 

Rosseter, Timothy Wm., Geo., Surg. 
Mate. 

Rossiter or Rossater, Wm., Conn., Surg. 
Mate. 

Rumney, Wm., Sr., Va., Hosp. Surg. 

Rush, iU'nj., Pa., Surg, and Patriot. 

Rush, Riciiard, Pa., Ex. Surg. 

Russell, Edward, Mass., distributed 
Ammunition. 

Russell, Philip, Pa., Surg. JVlate. 

Kussell, Philip M., Va., Surg. Mate. ' 

Russell, Thomas, Conn., Surg. 

Russell, Thomas, Conn., Surg, of Col. 
Swift's Regiment. 

Russell, Wm., Pa., Surg. Navy. 

Sackett, John, N. Y., Surg. Mate. 

Sackett, Samuel, Conn., Surg. 

St. Clair Arthur, Pa., Brig.-Gen. 

Sands, Edward, N. Y., Surg. Mate. 

Saple, John A., Mass., Surg. 

Sarringhause, Wm., Pa., attended Co. 
of German Battalion. 

Savage, Jos., Va., Surg. !.rate. 

Sawyer, Eben., Mass., Council Safety. 

Sawyer, Micajah, ^lass., Prov. Cong, 

Sawyer, Wm., Mass., Surg. Mate. 

Scammel, John, Mass., Surg. Mate. 

Schenck, Henry II., N. Y., Surg. 

Scheuck, Henry N., N. J., Surg. 



OF THE REVOLUTION. 



127 



Schuyler, Nicholas, N. Y., Surg. 

Scott, Daniel, Mass., requested to re- 
port on Medicine. 

Scott, John, Md., Com. of Corr. 

Scott, Moses, N. J., Surg. 

Scudder, .John, N. J., Surg. Mate. 

Scudder, .John A., Pa., Surg. Mate. 

Scudder, Nathaniel, N. .J., Surg. Prov. 
Cong. 

Scull, Nicholas, Surg. 

Seigle, Frederick, Va., Surg. 

Selden, Samuel, Conn., Surg. 

Selden, Wilson Gary, Va., Surg. 

Seldon, Daniel, Va., Surg. Mate. 

Sensinney, .John, Pa., attended a sick 
soldier. 

Senter, Isaac, N. H., Surg, and Major. 

Serjeant, Erastus, Mass., Surg, and 
Major. 

Sharp, James S., Ga , Surg. 

Sharpless, John, Va. Surg, in Navy. 

Sheldon, Daniei, Conn., Surg. 

Shephard, David, Mass., Surg. 

Shepperd, Levi, Mass., Commissary 
Militia. 

Sherwood. Dr. * * *, N. Y. Convention. 

Shippen, VVm., Jr., Pa., Director-Gene- 
ral of liosp. 

Shute, Daniel, Mass., Surg. 

Sibley, John, Mass., Surg. Mate. 

Sill, Elisha, Conn., Exam. Surg. 

Silsby, Dr. * * *, Mass., Surg. 

Simpson, John, Conn., Surg. 

Skinner, Alex , Va , Surg. 

Skinner, Elisha, Me , Surg. 

Skinner, Thos., Conn., Surg. 

Slaughter, Augustine, Va., Surg. 

Small, Wm., ^Md , Com. of Observation. 

Smith, Alexander, Md., Surg. Mate and 
Chaplain. 

Smith, Cheney, N. H., Surg. Mate. 

Smith, Dan., Vt., Surg. Mate. 

Smith, Francis, Pa., furnished Med. 

Smith, Isaac, N. Y., Surg. Mate. 

Smith, Jabez, Conn., Surg. .Mate. 

Smith, Nathan, Va., Surg. Mate. 

Smith, Nathan, Vt., served in Vt. mi- 
litia. 

Smith, Reuben, Conn., Exam. Surg. 

Smith, Robert, S. C, Hosp. Surg. Mate 
and Chaplain. 

Smith, Sainael, Surg. Navy. 

Smith, Timothy, Mass., Surg. Mate. 

Smitli, Walter, Md , Surg 

Smith, Wm., Pa., Druggist Cont. Army. 

Smith, Wm., Pa., Sr., Surg.-Gen. Hosp. 
Phila. 

Smith, Wm. H., Pa., Surg. Mate. 

Smith, Wm., P., N. Y., Surg. Mate. 



Smyth, George, N. Y. , Prov. Cong. 
Snead, Robert, Va., Surg. Navy. 
Southraayd. Daniel, Conn., Surg. Mate. 
Spalding, .lohn. Conn., Surg. 
Sparham, Dr. * * *, N. Y., Surg. 
Speight, Richard, applied for Surg. 
Spencer, Jos., Va., Surg. 
SpofiFord, Isaac, Mass., Surg. 
Spooner, Paul, N. Y., Convention. 
Spooner, Wm., Surg, in Navy. 
Sprague, John, .Mass., Surg. .Mate. 
Sprague, John, Mass., State Con v. 
Spring, Dr. * * *, Mass., rented his 

house for Hosp. 
Springer, Sylvester. S. C , Surg. Mate. 
Standly, Valentine, Pa., Surg. Pa. Navy. 
Starr, Justus, Conn , Surg. Mate. 
Stenhouse, Alex., Md., furnished Med. 
Stephens, Wm., Pa., furnished .Med. 
Stephenson, Geo., Pa., Surg. Mate. 
Stephenson, Jno. R., N. Y., Surg. Mate. 
Stephenson, John, N. Y., Surg. Mate. 
Stern, Dr. N. H., Gen. Assembly. 

Stevens, Phineas, N. Y., Inoculated 

Officers. 
Stevens, Wm. S., S. C, Hosp. Surg. 

Mate. 
Stevenson, Geo., Pa., Hosp. Surg. 

Mate. 
Stewart, Alex., Pa., Surg. 
Stewart, James, Md., Surg. 
Stinson, Wm., N. H., attended wounded 

Soldiers. 
Stockott, Thos. Noble, Md., Hosp. Surg. 

Mate. 
Stockton, Benj., N. J., Surg. Mate. 
Stockton, Benj. B., N. Y., Surg. 
Stockton, Eben, N. H., Surg. 
Stoddard, Darius, Conn., Surg. Mate. 
Storrs, Justice, Conn., Surg. 
Story, Elisha, Mass., Surg. 
Stringer, Samuel, N. Y., Hosp. Surg. 
Sullivan, Dr. * * *, Mass., Volunteer 

with Howe. 
Sunn, Frederick, S. C, Regt. Surg. 
Sutton, Etlward, Conn., Surg. 
Swayer, Wm., INlass., Surg. Mate. 
Sweet, Caleb, N. Y., Surg. 
Swett, J. B., Mass., Surg. 
Swift, Isaac, Conn., Surg. ^late. 
Swoop, .Joseph, V'a.. Surg. Navy. 
Swope, John, Va., Surg. Navy. 
Tabbs, Barton, Md., Surg. Mate. 
Tappan, Peter, N. Y., Surg. 
Tate, James, Pa., Surg. 
Tate, John, Pa., furnished Supplies. 
Taylor, Charles, Va., Surg. 
Taylor, Christian, Pa., Surg. Mate In- 
valid Regt. 



128 



MEDICAL MEN 



Taylor, Cliristopber, Vn., Surg. iNInte. 

Taylor, Diivid, N. 11., House of Reps. 

Taylor, .loliii, Mass., Mass. I'rov. Cong. 

Taylor, Jolm, Mass., Surg. iMass. Prov. 
Cong. 

Teller, Abrahani, N. Y., named for Sur- 
geoncy. 

Tenny, Samuel, 11. I., Surg. 

Tetard, I'enj., Ga., Surg. 

Texier, Felix, France, Surg. 

Thacher, James, Mass., Surg. 

Thaxter, Gridley, :Mass., Surg. 

Thorn, Isaac, N. II., services to wounded 
liunker Hill. 

Thomas, .John, Mass., Surg. Mate. 

Thomas, John, INlass., Surg. Mate. 

Thomas, Thilip, Md., Council of Safety. 

Thomas, Win., Mass., Surg. 

Thompson, Ebenezer, N. H., Com. of 
Safety. 

Thompson, Joseph, Pa., Surg. IVIate. 

Thompson, Thaddeus, Mass., Surg. 

Thorn, Isaac, N. II., furnished Med. 

Tillotson, Thomas, N. Y., Phys. and 
Surg. Gen. 

Tillotson, Wm., Va., Surg. 

Tilton, James, Del., IIosp. Surg, and 
Surg.-Gen., 1812. 

Todd, Andrew, Pa., Surg, of Ship " Gen. 
Greene." 

Todd, Jonathan, Conn., Surg. Mate. 

Toomer, Anthony, S. C, Surg. 

Tootell, Richard, Md., Surgeon ]\Iajor. 

Townsand, David, Mass., Surg, at Uun- 
ker Hill. 

Townsend, Piatt, Conn., Exam. Surg. 

Tracey, Elisha, Conn., Exam. Surg. 

Traccy, Philemon, Conn., Surg. Mate. 

Treat, Malachi, N. Y., Surg. Director 
of IIosp. 

Treatie, Samuel, Vt., furnished Med. 

Tresvant, John, Va., Surg. 

Trimble, James, Va., Surg. Mate. 

Troop, Charles, Md., Com. of Safety. 

Troup, John, Md., Com. of Observation. 
Prouen, M., France, Surg. Major, of- 
fered his services to the Colonies. 

Truman, Thos., R. I., attended wounded 
Soldiers. 

Tucker, Thos. T., S. C, IIosp. Surg. 

Tudor, * * * , Conn., Surg. 

Tufts, Cotton, Mass., Surg. 

Tudison, Garrett, Va., Surg. 

TupptT, * * * Mass., Com. of Safety. 

TurnbuU, Andrews, S. C, Surg. 

Turner, I'eter, R. I., Surg. 

Turner, Philip, Conn., Surg. Director 
IIosp. 



Turnison, * * *, Mass., captured a 
I'>ritish Corporal. 

Upham, Pen). Allen, Mass., Surg. Mate. 

Uslier, Robert, Clonn., Surg. -,__,, 

Vacher, John F., N. Y., Surg. ' ''' 

Van Boskirk, Abraham, N. J., Surg. 

Van De Linden, Dr. * * * N. Y., Surg. 
Mate. 

Van Der Lynn, Peter, N. Y., Surg. 

Van Dych, Dr. * * *, N. Y., commis- 
sioned to collect £200 from N. Y. Conv. 

Van Ingen, Dirk, Pa., IIosp. Surg. 

Van Leer, ISremon, Pa., Com. of Safety. 

Vanlier, Benj., Va., Com. of Observa- 
tion. 

Van Waggener, Garrett, Pa., Surg. 
Mate. 

Varuum, Benj., Mass., Surg. ^late. 

Vaughn, Claiborne, Va., Surg. Mate. 

Vickers, Samuel, N. J., Surg. ^late. 

Vickers, Samuel, S. C, Surg. 

Vickers, T., Surg. 

Vinal, Wm., Mass., Surg. Mate. 

Voght, Christian, Pa., manufacturer of 
Saltpetre. 

Walcott, Alex., Conn., Exam. Surg. 

Walcott, Christopher, Conn., Surg. 

Walcott, Thomas, JNIass., Surg. Mate. 

Walcut, Jame.s, R. I., Surg. Mate. 

Waldo, Albigeren, Conn., Surg. Mate. 

Waldo, John, Conn., Surg. 

Wales, Ephraim, Mass., recompensed 
for services. 

Walker, Thomas, Va.,Conim'r of Indian 
Affairs. 

Wallace, James. Va., Surg. 

Wallace, John, Md., Md. Convention. 

Wallace, Michael, i\Id., Surg. ^late. 

Ward, Preserve, N. J., Surg. Mate. 

Warfield, Chas. Alex., Md., Surg. 

Wartield, Walter, Md., Surg. 

Warren, John, Mass., Surg. 

Warren, Joseph, Mass., Surg, and Gen. 

Warren, Patrick, N. II., Surg. Mate. 

Warren, li;letiah. Mass , Surg. 

Washburtf Azel, N. H., Surg. 

Waterman, Phillis, Md., attended sick. 

Waterous, Josiah, Conn., Surg iNIate. 

Waters, Wilson, N. Y., Surg Mate. 

Watrous, John R., Conn, Surg. Mate. 

Watson, Abraham, Mass., Surg. 

Watson, Samuel, R. 1., Surg. 

Watts, Edward, Mass., Surg, for Sea 
Coast Men. 

Way, Nicholas, Pa., remunerated for 
attending sick. 

Weatherspoon, J., S. C, Surg. 

Weaver, * * *, Pa., Surg, in Militia. 

Weed, * * *, Phihi.., attended soldiers. 



OF THE REVOLUTION. 



129 



Weeks, * * *, R. I., assisted in de- 
struction of " Gaspee." 

Weeks, .John, N. H., furnished Med. 

Welch, Robert, Md., Surg. Mate. 

Welch, Thomas, Mass., .Surjr. 

Welles, Benj., (Jonn., Surg. Mate. 

West, * * *, Pa., Sui-g. 

Wetherill, .John, N. J., Prov. Cong. 

Wharry, Robert, S. C, Regt. Surg. 
Mate. 

Wharton, Levi, R. L, Surg. 

Wheeler, Dr. * * *, :\I;iss., Prov. Cong. 

Wheeler, Chas., Va., Surg. 

Wheeler, .John, N. C, rendered profes- 
sional services. 

Wheeler, Lemuel, Conn., Surg. Mate. 

Wheeler, Lemuel, Conn., Surg. 

Wheeler, Wm., N. Y., Surg. 

Wheelock, .John, N. H., N. H. Cong. 

Whipple, Daniel Peck, R. L, Surg. 

White, Henry, N. Y., Surg. 

White, .John, N. C, Capt. and Adju- 
tant. 

White, .John, Geo , Surg, and Col. 

White, Wm., or Wm. S., Va., Surg. Mate 
Navy. 

Whitewell, Samuel, Mass., Surg. 

Whiting, Israel, N. Y., Surg. Mate 2lBt 
Regt. 

Whiting, Samuel, Conn., Surg. Mate. 

Whiting, Wm., Mass., Surg. Prov. Cong. 
Mass. 

Wiggins, Thos., N. J., Com. Corr. 

Wigglesworth, Samuel, N. H., Surg. 

Wigneron, Stephen, R. I., Surg. 

Wild, .Jonathan, Mass., Surg. Navy. 

Wilkins, .John, Pa., Surg. Mate. 

Wilkinson, .James, Md., Surg, and Gen. 

Wilkinson, John, R. I., Surg. 

Wilkinson, .John, Mass., Surg. 

Willard, Elias, N. Y., Surg. 

Willard, Levi, Mass., Surg. 

Willard, Moses, N. Y., Surg. Mate. 

Willet, M., Mass., Surg. 
-Williams, Bedford, Pa., Surg. 

Williams, .John, N. Y., Prov. Cong. 

Williams, John, N. Y., Surg, and Mem- 
ber Prov. Cong. 

Williams, Robert, N. C, Surg. 

AVilliamson, Hugh, N. C, Surg. 

Wilmot, Aquila, Pa., Hosp. Surg. 

Wilson, Goodwin, Pa., Surg. Mate. 

Wilson, Lewis, N. J., Hosp. Surg. 

Wilson, Robert, N. C, Surg. 

Wilson, Samuel, S. C., served under 
Marion. 



Wilson, Samuel, Va., attended Gth Va. 
Regt. 

Wimple, W. V., N. Y., Hosp. Surg, in 
Canada. 

Winans, Wm., N. .1., Surg. 

Wing, Moses, Me., Surg. Mate. 

Wiugate, John, Me., Surg. 

Wingate, Dr. .Joshua, Surg. 

Winship, Amos, Dr. on board the "Al- 
liance." 

Winslow, Isaac, Mass., Surg. Mate. 

Winthrop, Dr. * * *, Mass., House 
Reps. 

Wisenthall, Chas., Md., Surg. 

Wistar, Caspar, Pa., asst. wounded sol- 
dier. 

Witherspoon, John, N. J., Surg, in 
Hosp. « • -. 

Witherspoon, .John, S. C, Hosp. Surg. 

Wittredge, John, R. I., attended Ame- 
rican troops. 

Wolcott, Alexander, Conn. 

Wolcott, Oliver, Conn., Brig.-Gen. 

Wood, Geo., N. H. furnished Medicine 
and rendered services. 

Wood, Gerard, Md., Surg. Mate. 

Wood, James, N. II., recompensed for 
extra services. 

Wood, John, Conn., Surg. 

Wood, Preserve, Conn., Surg. Mate. 

Woodruff, Hemlock, N. Y., Surg. 

Woodruff, Samuel, N. Y., Surg. 

Woodruffe, Aaron, Pa., Surg. Mate. 

Woodward, Samuel, Mass., Surg. Mate. 

Wootton, Sprigg, Md., Com. of Obser- 
vation. 

Worth, Giles, N. C, services. 

Worthington, Chas., Md., Surg. 

Wright, Elihu, Mass., Surg. 

Wright, John G., N. Y., Surg. Mate. 

Wright, Philemon, N. H., Surg. 

Wynkoop, * * *, Pa., Surg. Mate. 

Yarenpert, Jacob P. 

Yates, Geo., Va., Surg. Mate. 

York, Roberson, Surg, on privateer. 

Young, Dr. * * *, Md., Bd. of Exam. 
Surgs. 

Young, James, Pa., Surg. 

Young, .John, R. I., Surg, in Army and 
Navy. 

Young, John, Mass., Surg. 

Young, Joseph, N. Y., Surg. 

Young, Thomas, Pa., Surg., furnished 
supplies. 

Younglove, Moses, N. Y., Surg. 



INDEX. 



A. 



Abercrombie, Gen., 94 

Adams, Elijah, 25, 30 

Adams, Henry, 112 

Adams, Jos., 105 

Adams, President, 19 

Adams, Saml., 7, 15, 18, 61, 97 

Adams, Wm., 113 

Ahl, .Jno. Peter, 105 

Albany, 83 

Alexander, Abraham, 103 

Alexander, Adam, 103 

Alexander, Chas., 103 

Alexander, Ezra, 103 

Alexander, Hezekiah, 103 

Alexander, J. .McKnitt, 103 

Alexander, Nathaniel, 96, 102 

Alexandria, Va., 81 

Alexandria, Va., Hospital at, 75, 92 

Allen, Col., 26 

Allen, Uavid, 105 

Allentown, Pa., 50 

Allison, R., 113 

Allyn, Jonathan, 105 

Alma Mater, 115 

Ambulance, 20 

American Army, 90 

American Philosophical Society, 90 

Ames, Nathaniel, 96 

Ames, Seth, 96 

Amherst. Gen., 96 

Andr(:-, Maj., 82 

Annals of Medical Progress, 105 

Annapolis, Md., 9 

Apothecary, 15, 34, 43, 57, 72 

Appleton, Abraham, 113 

Apthorpe, Mr., 44 

Archer, Jno., 96, 101, 107 

Armed Kesistance, 8 

Army, Continental Surgeons in, 70, 117 

Army, Divisions of, 73 

Army, Northern Department, 39 

Army, Southern Department, 87 

Arnold. Gen., 82 

Arnold, Jonathan, 98 

Aspinwall, Wm., 11, 96 

Attacks, Crispus, 8 



Austin, Caleb, 105 
Averill, Jonathan, 105 
Avery, Waighstill, 103 



B. 



Bacheller, Theophilus, 105 

Bacon, Jacob, 24, 25, 30 

Bainbridge, Absalom, 96 

Balch, Hezakiah J., 103 

Ballentine, Ebenezer, 105, 112 

Bannell, Amos, 105 

Barnes, Simeon, 105 

Barnett, Wm., 51, 113 

Barre, Col., 7 

Barret, Jeremiah, 105 

Barry, Richard, 103 

Bartlett, Jno., 74, 80 

Bartlett, Josiah, 96, 97, 105, 107 

Bartlett, Thos., 98 

Batchelder, Jos., 13 

Battle, Brandywine, 79 

Battle, Brooklyn Heights, 54 

Battle, Bunker Hill, 20 

Battle, Germantown, 65 

Battle, Lexington, 9, 10 

Battle, Princeton, 102 

Battle, Red Bank, 79 

Bayard, Robt., 44 

Baylies, Wm., 13, 14, 96, 97 

Beardsley, Ebenezer, 77, 112 

Beardsley, Gersham, 105 

Beatty, Jno., 96, 99, 107, 113 

Beatty, Reading, 105, 113 

Beaver, Vessel, 9 

Bethlehem, 51, 52, 55, 56, 58, 79 

Bicknell, Josiah, 105 

Bigelow, Maj., 16, 20 

Billings, Benj., 105 

Binney, Barnabas, 96, 113 

Bird, Seth, 70 

Black, Dr., 66 

Blair, Jno., 50 

Blakeley, Zealous, 105 

Blancharil, Saml., 24, 25, 30 

Bland, Theodoric, 101, 107 

Blish, Ezra, 105 



132 



INDEX. 



Blyth, Jos., 113 

Bond, Thos., 52, 53, 94 

Bond, Thos., Jr., 52, 113 

Boston Massncrc, 8, 84 

Boston, Siege of, 19, 40, 87 

Bowen, Jos., 105 

Bowen, Pardon, 96 

Boyd, Benj., 105 

Boyes, Dr., G6 

Boylston, Zabdiel, 12 

Brackett, Joshua, 98 

Bra(hh)ck, Gen., 83 

Bradford, Gov., 98 

Bradford, Win., 98 

Bradley, Col., 48 

Breckett, Daniel, 105 

Breed's Hill, 25 

" Brethren's House" a hospital, 55 

Brevard, Ephraim, 90, 102, 103 

BrcAver, Chauncy, 13 

Brewer, James, 99 

Brickett, James, 25, 30, 31, 107 

Brings, Richd., 105 

Bristol, 54 

British Army, 39, 45, 78, 111 

British Troops, 9 

Brooklyn Heights, 54 

Brooks, Jno., 10, 11, 25, 30, 96, 97, 

107 
Brooks, Richd., 101 
Brown, Ezekiel, 105 
Brown, Gustavus, 81, 101 
Brown, James, 80, 81 
Brown, Jno., 10 
Brown, Joseph, 113 
Brown, Wm., 80, 81, 89 
Brown University, 96 
Brownson, Nathaniel, 80, 82, 105 
Brunson, Asa, 1 18 
Budd, Bernard, Dr., 100 
Burgoyne, Gen., 25, 45 
Burk, Thos., 107 
Burnell, Wm., 113 
Burnett, Ichabod, 82 
Burnett, Wm., 74, 80 
Burnett, Wm., 82, 96 
Burnett, Wm., 113 
Burrett, Anthony, 105 
Brunswick, Hospital at, 60 



C. 

Caldwell, Andrew, 113 
Cambridge, 84, 85, 90 
Cambridge, Hospital at, 10 
Camington, Elias, 69 
Campbell, Geo., 113 
Campfield, Jabez, 96, 107, 113 



Canada, Army in, 40, 61 

Canadian Department, 57 

Cane, Major, 36, 85 

Carlisle, Pa., 100 

Carr, Patrick, 8 

Carter, James, 51 

Casdrop, Thos., 54 

Cathcart, Wm., 113 

Census of U. S., 1790, 109 

Charleston, S. C, 8, 41, 87, 104 

Charlestown, Mass., 16, 87 

Cheever, Abijah, 105 

Chester, Pa., 52 

Chief Physician, 34, 40 

Childs, Timothy, 24, 96, 105, 107 

Church, Benj., 13, 14, 16, 21, 31, 32, 

34, 35, 36, 37, 80, 84, 90, 96, 97 
Church, Dutch, 45 
Cincinnati, the Society of. 111, 112 
Cincinnatus, Lucius Quintius, 112 
Clapp, ISIajor, 25 
Clark, Hezekiah, 105 
Clark, Jno., 8, 70 
Clark, Jos., 105 
Cobb, David, 13, 96, 97, 107 

Cochran, Jno., 65, 73, 80, 83, 113 
Cogswell, Wm., 105 

Coleman, Asaph, 99 

Coleman, Noah, 112 

College, Columbia, 96 

College, Phila., 93 

College of Princeton, Hospital estab- 
lished at, 79 

College, William and Mary, 50 

Colonial Assembly, R. I., 98 

Colonial Convention at Albany, 18, 19 

Colonies, Population of, 108 

Columbia College, 96 

Commissioners of Plantations, 18 

Committee of Congress, 72 

Committee of Safety, Mass., 15, 16, 21, 
31 

Concord Battle, 9, 10, 16, 19 

Confederation, Articles of, 19 

Confederation of Colonies, 108 

Congress, Continental, 16, 19 

Congress of Colonies at N. Y., 18 

Congress, Provincial, Mass., 9, 12, 13, 
15, 16, 17, 20, 22, 23, 24, 33 

Connecticut, 19, 70, 98, 109 

Connecticut Assembly, 69, 70 

Continental Army, 93 

Continental Hospital, 91 — 

Convalescent Hospital, 91 

Convention, N. Y., 18, 48 

Cook, Samuel, Rev., 21 

Corbet, Jno., 13 

Correspondence, Criminal, 37 

Cornwallis, Gen., 54 



INDEX. 



133 



Council of Safety, Conn., 71 
Council of Safety, Mass., 15 
Council of Safety, I'.a., 53, 54 
Council of Safety, S. C, 91 
Court Martial, 37, 85 
CowelJ, David, 96 
^ Craigie, Andrew, 15, 113 
Craik, James, 80, 83, 112 
Crane, John, 112 
Crooker, John, 24, 26, 30 
Crosby, Ebenezer, 96, 113 
Crown Point, 19, 45 
Cullen, Dr., 66, 70, 93 
Cuniming, Jno., 10, 11,12 
Curtis, Sam'l, 105 
Cushing, Jno., 106 
Cutter, Animi R., 73, 80, 85, 80, 96 
Cutting, Jno. Brown, 106 



Darby. 52 

Djirtmouth College, 96 

Dartmouth, Vessel, 9 

Davitlson, Jas., 113 

Davis, Col., 22 

Davis, Wm., 54 

Day, Elkanah, 107 

Dearborn, Henry, 107 

Declaration of Didependence, 18, 19, 

20, 97, 103, 104 
Declaration of Independence, Signers 

of, 92, 98, 99 
Dedication of Volume, 3 
De Florat, Jean Augustus, 113 
Delancy, Oliver, 44 
Delaware, 101, 109, 112 
Den wood, Levi, 1 12 
L>epartnient, Southern, 87 
Dexter, Wm., 11, 12, 26, 30, 89 
Diarrhoea, Putrid, 79 
Dickinson College, Pa., 93 
Dickinson, Jno., 69, 99 
Dickinson, Moses, 99 
Dinsmore, Wm , 13, 14 
Director Gen., 34, 35, 36, 37, 42, 44, 

93, 94 
Diseases, Contagious, 22 
Diseases, Principal, 38 
Dorsey, Jno., 101 
Downer, Eliphalet, 11, 12, 26, 30 
Downs, Henry, 103 
Drayton, Mr., 72 
Drowne, Solomon, 96, 106 
Druggist to the Army, 72 
Dudley, Mr., 36 
Duffield, John, 113 
Durant, Edward, 24, 26 



Dure, Wm., 48 
Durham, Lewis, 113 
Dysentery, 77 



E. 



Eager, George, 106 

Easton. 55, 56 

East River, 80 

East Town, Sick sent to, 52 

Edinburgh University, 81, 87, 88, 91, 

92 
Edwards, Joshua, 100 
Ehrenzeller, Jacob, 106 
Elbert, John L., 112 
Eleanor, Vessel, 9 
Elizabethtown, 60 
Elliott, John, 113 
Elliott, Mr., 44 

Elmer, Ebenezer, 100, 103, 106 
Elmer, Moses, 113 
Ely, John, 107 
Emerson, Sam'l, 96 
Emperor of Russia, 93 
Endicott, Sam'l, 106 
Eustis, AVm., 21, 26, 30, 96, 97 
Ewing, Thos , 100, 107 
Executed as Traitors, 8 



Fague or Forgue, 87 

Fairbank, Geo., 106 

Fairbanks, Cyrus, 106 

Fairweather's House, Mr., 16 

Fanning. John, 106 

Fayssoux, Peter, 80, 80, 87, 113 

Federal Convention, 109 

Finley, James, 113 

Finley, Jas. B , 113 

Finley, Rev. Dr., 89, 92 

Fish, Jos., 113 

Fisher, Joshua, 96 

Fishkill, N. Y., 46, 48, 86 

Fisk, Joseph, 100 

Flagg. Henry C, 113 • 

Fiagg, Jno., 107 

Flenniken, Jno.. 103 

Flying Camp, 93 

Force, Peter, 110 

Ford, John, 103 

Forgue, Dr , 74 

Forster, Isaac, 73 

Fort Constitution, 46 

Fort George, 39 

Fort Lee, 49, 54 

Fort Montgomery, 40 



9* 



134 



INDEX. 



Fort Necessity, 83 

Fort Ticonderoga, 19, 45 

Fort Wiishiiigtoii, 49, 54, 100 

Foster, Isaac, Dr., 13, 16, 21, 22, 26, 

30. 33, 38, 59, 80, 87 
Franklin, Dr., 19, 91 
Franklin, State of, 108 
Fredericksburg, Va., 102 
French and Indian War, 94, 102 
Fridges, Harry Clary, 24, 27, 30 
Frigate Roniney, 8 



G. 

Gage, Gen., 9, 40 

Gale, Benj., 11, 69 

Gardner, Jno., 106 

Gardner, M., 107 

Gates, Gen., 62 

George the Third, 7 

Georges, Jno., 24 

Georgia, 82, 104, 109 

Germautown, Pa., 55, 88 

Gibson, Col., 79 

Giddings, Jno., 98 

Gilmer, Mr., 50 

Glover, Col., 15, 42 

Glover, Sam'l K., 106 

Goodwin, F. L. B., 13 

Graham, Isaac, 106 

Graham, Stephen, 113 

Graham, Wm., 103 

Gray, Sam'l, 8 

Grayhound, 9 

Gray's Rope Walk, 8 

Great Britain, 98 

Green, 19 

Green, Ezra, 27, 30, 96, 106 

Green, Jno., 8 

Greene's Brig, 36 

Greenwich, 9 

Grenville, 7 

Griffins, Col., return of sick, 60 

Gross, Ebenezer H., 106 

Gross, Sam'l D., 3 

Guest, Jas., 106 

Qun?i, Moses, 97 

Guiteau, Ephraim, 13 



H. 

Hadley, Sam'l, 10 

Hale, Mordecai, 106, 113 

Halifax, 9 

Hall, Jas. C, 65 

Hall, Jeremiah, 13, 14, 20, 21 

Hall, John, 106 



Hall, Lyman, 96, 104 

Hall, Mordecai, 106 

Hall, Percival, 100 

Hall, AVm., 106 

Hailing, Dr., 56 

Hamilton, Jas., 106 

Hamlen, E., 30 

Hancock, Jno., 16, 32, 00, 97 

Hand, Edw., 38, 107 

Harford Co., Md., 101 

Harlem Plains, 49 

Harrington, Jonathan, 10 

Harris, Jacob, 113 

Harris, James, 103 

Harris, Rich'd, 103 

Harrison, Elisha, 112 

Harrison, Jas., 79 

Hart, Jno., 27, 30, 106, 113 

Harvard University, 84, 85, 96, 98 

Harvey, Josiah, 24 

Harvie, Mr., 72 

Hastings, AValter, 24, 28, 30 

Hatch, Josiah, 106 

Hawse, Jas., 13 

Hayne, Ezekiel, 112 

Hayward, Lemuel, 96 

Heath,. Gen., 11, 46, 48 

Heath, Wm., 46, 47 

Henderson, Thos., 96 

Henry, Mr., 50 

Herricks, Martin, 28, 30 

Hessian Troops, 45 

Hewson, Wm., 93 

Highlands, Entrance of, 48 

Hilton, Isaac, 106 

Hitchcock, Gad., 106 

Hodge, Hugh, 96 

Hoit's Barracks, 49 

Holbrook, Amos, 106 

Holbrook, Silas, 106 

Holland, 90 

Holmes, James, 113 

Holten, Sam'l, 13, 14, 97 

Homans, Jno., 113 

Hope, 90 

Horsemanden, Mr., 44 

Hosmer, Timothy, 112 

Hospitals, 15, 16, 21, 44, 49 

Hospital Academy, Fishkill, 48 

Hospital at Albany, 45 

Hospital at Alexandria, Va., 75 

Hospital at Amboy, N. J., 76 

Hospital Apothecary, 43 

Hospital at Bethlehem, Pa., 54, 70, 

Hospital at Brunswick, 60, 76 

Hospital at Cambridge, 32, 38 

Hospitals, Committee on, 20 

Hospitals, Complaints of, 72 

Hospital in Conn., 70 



INDEX. 



135 



Hospital, Continental, Va., 49, 50, 100 
Hospitals, Convalescent, 70 
Hospital Department, 76 
Hospital, Director of, 39, 40, 43, 46 
Hospital, Dutch Church, 45 
Hospital at Mr. Fairweather's house, 16 
Hospital, Flying, 60, 78, 89 
Hospital, Fort Lee, 16 
Hospitals, French, 77 
Hospital, General, 35, 36, 42, 47 
Hospital, General, fare of, 63 
Hospital, General superintended the, 95 
Hospital, Gov. Oliver's house, 16 
Hospital removed to Ilackensack, 76 
Hospital, House used as, 16 
Hospital, Long Island, 76 
Hospital, Military, Tilton, 77 
Hospital, Dr. Morgan, 58, 59 
Hospital, New Haven, 71 
Hospital, N. J., 76 
Hospital, New York, 44 
Hospitals provided at New York, 42, 44 
Hospital in Northern Department, 94 
Hospital, Peekskill, 46, 47 
Hospital, Pennsylvania, 52, 58 
Hospital near Philadelphia, 76 
Hospital, Poor House, Penna., 76 
Hospitals, private houses used as, 44, 

51 
Hospital, Princeton College used as, 79 
Hospital, Providence, 76 
Hospitals erected at Providence, 76 
Hospital, Reform in, 38 
Hospital, Regimental, 63 
Hospital and Regimental Surg., 68 
Hospital, Regulations of, 64, 66 
Hospital, Removal of, 41 
Hospital, Roxbury, 15 
Hospital, Sanford, Gonn., 71 
Hospital, Smallpox, 22 
Hospital, Southern, iu Va., 38, 92 
Hospital Staff, 57 
Hospital Stores, 47 
Hospital Surg., 32, 42, 46 
Hospital Tents, 55, 60, 76, 80 
Hospital in Virginia, 91, 92 
Hospitals in AVatertown, 24, 33 
Hospital in Williamsburg, Va., 76 
House of Burgesses, Va., 7 
Howard, Ephraim, 101 
Howell, Lewis, 113 
Hubard, .Jas., 51 
Hubbard, Leveret, 69 
Hudson River, 58, 61 
Humane Society, 86 
Hunt, Ebenezer, 96 
Hunt, Jno., 21 
Hunt, Jos., 24 
Hunter, Geo., 113 



Hunter, Wm., 70 
Hunters, 93 

Hurd, Isaac, Dr., 28, 30, 106 
Hutchison, Jas., 101 
Hyde, Phineas, 106 



I. 



Inoculation, 92 

Irvine, Wm., Pa. Brig. Gen., 107 

Irwin, Robt, 103 

Irwine, Wm., 100 

Italy, 90 



Jackson, Clement, 86 

Jackson, Dr., 55 

Jackson, Joshua Hall, 98 

Jamestown, Va., 107 

Jamieson, Wm., 13 

Jantis, Chas., 96 

Jefferson, 81 

Jefferson Medical College, 5, 115 

Jenifer, Daniel, 112 

Jersey Prisonship, 111 

Jersey, Sick from, 55 

Jewett, Gibbons, 106 

Jones, David, 13, 14, 24, 28, 30, 97 

Jones, David, i\Ie., 106 

Jones, James, Del., 106 

Jones, John, 20, 78 

Jones, Noble Wimberly, 105 

Jones, Walter, 73, 80, 87, 102 

Johnson, Mr., 50 

Johnson, Robt., 113 



K. 

Keats, James, 81 
Keene, Sam'l F., 112 
Kendall, Mr., 22 
Ken n on, Wm., 103 
Killed at Battle of Lexington, 10 
Kilty, Wm., Md , 101, 112 
King's Bridge, N. Y., 71 
Kittridge, Francis, 22 
Kittridge, Thos., 24, 29, 30, 96 
Knight, Jonathan, Con., 106 
Knood, Sam'l Y., ^Id., 112 
Kuhu, Adam, 80, 88 



Lake George, 58, 91 
Lancaster, 54 



136 



INDEX. 



Laughton, Wm., 113 

Leadlie, Andrew, 113 

Leavenworth, Natli., 113 

Ledyard, Isaac, 113 

Lee. Arthur, 102 

Lee, Chas., 24, 44, 87 

Lee, Fort, 54. GO 

Lee's, Gen'l, Division, 54 

Lee, Rich'd H., 5G 

Lee, Sam'l, 70 

Lewis, Brig. Gen'l, 50 

Lewis, Joseph, Vt., 106 

Lewisburg, 98 

Lexington, Battle of, 9, 10, IG, 19 

Liberty Boys, 9 

Liberty Co., Ga., 105 

Linnceus, the celebrated, 88 

Lives lost in the War, 111 

Lockman. John, S. C, 114 

London, 9, 92 

Londonderry, N. H., 98 

Long Lsland, Battle of, 43 

Long, .John, 52 

Lord, Elisha, 70 

Loring, Ephraim, 113 

Loring, Joshua, 22 

Louisburg, Troops against, 86 



M. 

Maclean, Wm., 106 
Madison, 8 

Magaw, Wm., 106, 113 
Maine, 10, 107 
Manheim, 54 
Manis, Jas., 112 
Mann, Jas., 106 
Mann, Oliver, 106 
Marcus Hook, 52 
Marine Hospital, 30 
Marshall, Christopher, 53, 54 
Marshall, T., 112 
Martin, Eunalls, 106 
Martin, Hugh, 113 
Martin, John R , 106 
Maryland, 19, 81, 101, 109 
Maryland Committee of Correspond- 
ence, 101 
Maryland Council of Safety, 63 
Massachusetts, 7, 16, 19, 97 
Mass. Council of Safety, 22, 23 
Mass. Prov. Congress, 12, 13, 14 
Mather, Sam'l, 106 
Mather, Timothy, 112 
Maus, Matthew, 113 
Maverick, Sam'l, 8 
McAdams, Wm., 44 
McCalla, Thos. H., 114 



McCalla, Thos. M., 113 

McCiosky, Sam'l A., 113 

McClure, Matthew, 103 

McClurg, Jas., 102 

McCoskey, Wm., 106 

McDonough, Thos., 107 

McUougall's Brigade, 48 

McDowell, John, 113 

McHenry, Jas., 107 

McKinly, John, 101 

McKnight, Chas., 48, 80, 89, 96, 113 

Mead, Amos, 70 

Meade, Wm., 106 

Mecklenburg, 102 

Mecklenburg Decl. of Lidep., 103 

Medical Appointment, Army, 38 

Medical Department, 34 

Medical Men of Revolution, 115, 117 

Medical Men, Pension List of, 105 - 

iNIedical Organization of Army, 6 

Medical Society, 90 

Medical Stores, Deficiencies of, 62 

Medicine Chest, 15, 16 

Menema, Daniel, 99, 118 

Mercer, Hugh, 59, 82, 102, 107 

Mercersburgh, Pa., 102 

Middle Department, 83, 88, 102 

]\Iiddletown, 9;) 

Mifflin, Gen., 52 

Milchor, Isaac, 54 

Military Committee, 56 

Military Department, 51 

Military Disbursements, 73 

Military Supplies, 15 

Militia, Irregular, 110 

Miller, Ewd., 101 

Minot, Timothy, 10, 11, 12 

Mohawks, Disguised, 9 

Monk, Christopher, 8 

Monro, Elder, 93 

Monros, 70 

Morgagni, 90 

Morgan, Benj., 113 

Morgan, Jno., 25, 32, 37, 38, 89, 41, 

42, 44, 46, 47, 48, 55, 58, 59, 61, 62, 

65, 72. 73, 80, 89, 93, 101 
Morrison, Neil, 103 
Morristown, 54, 80 
Morrow, David, 113 
iMorrow, Samuel, 112 
Morse, Moses, 18 
Mortality in Army, 80 
Mount Vernon, 83 
Mullican. Isaac, 106 
Monro, Rob't, 10 
Munson, Aneas, 69, 96, 106, 112 
Murray, Robt., 44 
Muzzy, Isaac, 10 



INDEX. 



137 



N, 



Nassau Hall, 82 

Nassau Island, 44 

Nazareth, 52 

Neufville, Wm., 114 

Newark, 54, 82 

New Brunswick, 54, 83 

New Castle, 52 

New England States, 19, 107 

New Hampshire, 19, 86, 97 

New Hampshire Medical Society, 98 

New Haven, 71 

New Jersey, 9, 45, 51, 58, 88, 99, 109, 

111 
New Jersey, College of, 93 
Newport, R. I., 84, 85 
New York, 8, 19, 59, 83, 89, 99 
Nicholas, Moses, 107 
Norfolk, Va., 41, 83 
Northampton, 55 
North Bridge, Battle at, ]0 
North Carolina, 8, 92, 102, 104, 109 
Northern Department, 38, 40, 87 
North River crossed by Washington, 

54, 58 
Northumberland Co., Va., 88 
Norton, Jno. Hatley, 51 
Nothingham, Md., 89, 92 
Nova Scotia, 9 
Noyes, John, 112 
Nurses, 84 
Nurses and Ass'ts supplied, 53 



0. 



Oath of Examiners, 70 
Officers to visit the Sick, 58 
Oliphant, David, 80, 91, 104, 114 
Oliver, Gov., 16 
Otis, Jas., 7 
Otto, Bodo, 113 



P. 

Paris, 90, 92 
Parker, Daniel, 24 
Parker, David, 8 
Parker, Jonas, 10 
Parks, Mr., 15 
Patterson, Rob't, 8 
Patton, Benj., 103 
Payne, Edward, 8 
Peabody, Nathan, 107 
Peekskill, 46, 47 
" Peggy Stewart," Brig, 9 
Pelham, Wm., 100 



Pennsylvania, 19, 109 

Pennsylvania, Troops of, 90 

Peres, Peter, 113 

Perkins, Abijah, 107 

Perkins, Rich'd, 13 

Perry, Benj. L., 114 

Perth Amboy, N. J., 60 

Phifer, Jno., 103 

Philadelphia, 8, 52 

Philadelphia, College of, 88, 89, 90, 92, 

96 
Physicians as Legislators, 107 
Physicians at Battle of Lexington, 10 
Physicians in different States, 97-105 
Physicians in Edinburgh, 90 
Physicians in London, 90 
Physicians, their influence, 96 
Pindell, R., 106, 112 
Pitcairn, Major, 10 
Pittsburg, 83, 102 
Polk, Thos., Col., 103 
Pomeroy, 17 
Poor, 19 

Poor House of Phila., 53, 76 
Porter, Aziel, 10 
Porter, Benj. J., 106 
Porter, Benj. Jones, 113 
Portsmouth, N. H., 86 
Port Tobacco, Md., 81-83 
Potts, Jonathan, 57, 72, 74, 80, 91, 

101 
Prescott, Joseph, 106 
Prescott, Oliver, 17, 18, 107 
Prescott, Sam'l, 9, 11, 12 
Princeton, Battle of, 54, 102 
Princeton College, 96 
Princeton, Graduate of, 92 
Pringle, John, 93 
Prior, Abuer, 113 
Prison Ships, 111 
I Provincial Congress of N. Y. 
Provincial Hospital, 52 
Putnam, Aaron, 24, 29 
Putnam, Israel, 17, 19, 25 
Pynchon, Chas., 13 



Q. 



94 



Queary, .John, 103 
Queens College, 44 



R. 



Rainey, Stephen, 106 
Ramsay, David, 87, 96, 100, 104 
Ramsay, Jos. H., 114 
Rand, Isaac, 22, 32 



138 



INDEX. 



Randolpli, Mr., 50 

Head, Win., 10(;, 114 

Reiuliii};;, I'li., A'J, 54 

lU'il r.iuik, I'.attlc of, 70 

Uediniui, John, 8',), 92 

Heed, Thos., 113 

Reese, David, 1U3 

Regulators, 8 

Reicliel, VV. C, 55 

Reid, Captain, 107 

Rhode Island, 10, 08, 100, 112 

Richardson, Al)ijah, lOO, 11:5 

RicUman, Wni.,'o, 40, 50, 51, 107 

Riker, .Jolin B., 113 

Roberts, Jno., 100 

Rodgers, John R. B., 80, 00, 100 

Rome, Oeorge, 30 

Roniney, Frigate, 8 

Root, .Josiah, 10() 

Rose, .lohn, 112 

Rose, Prosper, 100 

Ross, yVlexander, 113 

Rosseter, Tiinotliy W., lOG 

Roxhury, 15, 10 

Royal Society, 00 

Rush, Benj., 73, 80, 82, 01, 02, 03, 00, 

100 
Russell, Philip M., lOG 
Rutgers College, 00 
Rutherford, 00 



S. 



Sackett, .John, 100 

Sawyer, Ebenczer, 13 

Sawyer, Micajah, 98 

Sawyer, W., ioo 

Schuyler, Gen., 30, 72, 83 

Schuyler, Nicholas, 100 

Scott, .Ino., 80 

Scudder, .John A., 100 

Scudder, Nathaniel, 00 

Selden, \Vm. C, 106 

Senter, Isaac, 08 

Sergeant, Erastus, 96, 107 

Shephard, David, 29, 30 

Shippen, Wm., 54, 65, 58, 00, 73, 80, 

81, 02, 03, 100 
Shippen, Wm., .Jr., 57, 58, 00, 93, 90 
Shirley, Gov., 10, 94 
Shute, Daniel, 113 
Sihley, .John, 100 
Sill, Elisha, 70 
Simpson, .Jno., 11, 21 
Skinner, Dr., 50 
Skinner, I'iiisha, 106 
Skinner, Thos., 1 12 
Sloop, Liberty, 8 



Smallpox Hospital, 22, 92 

Smallwood, W., 03, 66, 66 

Smith, Daniel, 106 

Smith, Isaac, 00 

Smith, Nathan, 107 

Smitii, Reuben, 70 

Smith, Robt., 114 

Smith, 'I'hos., 54 

Smith, Wm., 72 

Snider, Christopher, 8 

Sons of Liberty, 7, 9 

South Carolina, 01, 104, 100 

South (Carolina General Assembly, 01 

South (Carolina Provincial Congress, 91 

Southern Department, 104 

Spencer, l>rig.-Gen., 36 

Spofl'ord, Isaac, 24, 29, 30 

Spring, Dr., 20 

Staats, 82 

Stamford, Hospital at, 71 

Stamp Act, 7 

Starke, Mr., 50 

Starr, Justus, 112 

State Medical Society, N. II., 98 

St. Clair, Arthur, 25, 107, 113 

Stevens, Wm. S., 114 

Stevenson, Geo., 113 

Stevenson, Henry, 101 

Stirling, Lord, 51 

Stockton, Ebenczer, 90, 113 

Stockton, hich'd, 93 

Stringer, Sam'l, 39, 40, 72, 80, 94 

Stuyvesant, Nicholas, 44 

Stuyvesant, Peter, 44 

Sullivan, Gen'l, 54 

Sunn, FretL S. C, 114 

Surgeons, Antagonism between, 03 

Surgeons' Chest, 63 

Surgeon-in-Chief, 33 

Surgeon in Continental -Vrmy, 117 

Surgeons, Iilducation of, 95 

Surgeons, English, 45 

Surgeons, Gen'l, 73, 74, 92 

Surgeons, (jerman, 45 

Surgeons, neglect of Inoculation, 02 

Surgeons who receiveil Land, 74, 75 

Surgeons' Mates, 34, 39 

Surgeons' Pay increased, 50, 74 

Surgeons, Regimental, 35, 36, 30, 48, 60 

Surgical Proficiency, 95 

Sweet, Caleb, 1 13 

Symetry, British 15rig, 65 



Taxation, 8 

Taylor, Christopher, 106 

Taylor, Jno., 13, 14, 15, 21, 22, 97 



INDEX. 



139 



Tea Destroyed in Annafjolis, 9 

Tea, Destruction of, in Boston, 8, 9 

Tea Destroyed in Halifax, ^* 

Tea Destroyed in New Jersey, 9 

Tea Destroyed at New York, 8 

Tea Destroyed at Yorktown, Va., 9 

Tea not allowed to be landed, 8 

Tenney, SamM, 29, 30 

Tents as Hospitals, oo 

Thacher, Jas., 14, 17, 45, 77, 96, 101, 

106, 111 
Thaxter, Gridley, 106 
Thomas, John, 106, 107 
Tliompson, Ebenezer, 98 
Thomson, Dr., 83 
Thornton, Matthew, 98 
Ticonderoga, Fort, 19, 45, 95 
Tillotson, Thos., 113 
Tilton, Jas., 73, 101, 106 
Tisdale, Elkanah, 71 
Total Strength of the Army, 40 
Townsend, David, 20, 106, 113 
Townsend, Piatt, 70 
Tracy, Elisha, 69, 95 
Tracy, Philemon, 106 
Travis, Mr., 50 
Treat, Malachi, 74, 80, 94 
Trenton, 52, 54, 60 
Trezvant, Jno., 106 
Troops furnished by States, 110 
Tryon, Wm., 8 
Tucker, Thos. T., 114 
Tumult, 8 

Tunison, Garrett, 106 
Turner, Peter, 106 
Turner, Philip, 74, 80, 94, 95 



U. 

Union for Defence, 18 
United Colonies, 18, 19 
United States, 19, 95, 100 
University of Pennsylvania, 



Vacher, John Francis, 113 

Valley Forge, 65 

Van Wagner, Garret, 113 

Vermont, 107 

Vinal, Wm., >24, 30, 96 

Virginia, 92, 101 

Virginia Assembly, 102 

Virginia Convention, 5 ) 

Virginia, Lands granted, 74 

Virginia Troops, 81 

Voltaire, 90 



W. 

Wagons conveying Sick, 55 

Walcott, Thos., 106 

Wallace, Capt.. 36, 98 

Wallingford, 99 

Wunwood, 36 

War, Board of, 62 

Ward, Gen., 18, 19, 21, 24, 36 

Warfield, C. A., 101 

Warfield, Walter. 112 

Warren. John, -30, 32, 33, 76, 100 

Warren, Jos., 9, 11, 12, 13, 16, 20, 31, 

35, 97, 107 
Washington City, 82 
Washington, Gen'l, 17, 23, 24, 33, 38, 

40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 54, 58, 59, 62. 

63, 64, 65, 66, 71, 73, 81, 83, 84, 85, 

90, 102 
Washington, Pvobt , 54 
Waterous, Josiah, 106 
Waters, Wilson, 106 
Watrous, John, 69 
Watrous, J. R., 106, 112 
Watson, Abraham, 24, 30, 31 
Watson, Mr., 44 
Watts, Mr., 44 
Webbs, Chas., Col., 25 
Weekly Returns of Sick, 48 
Welch, Thos., 11, 12, 30, 31, 96, 106 
Wells, Henry, 96 
Wharry, Robt., 114 
White, Ebenezer, 99 
White, Henry, 106 
White, Jno., 107 
White Plains, 49 
Whitewell, Sam'l, 96, 113 
Whiting, Dr., 21, 22 
Whiting, Wm., 13, 14, 15, 97 
Whyth, 90 
Widow, Leake's, 44 
Wild, Jonathan, 48, 106 
Wilkins, John, 101 
Wilkinson, Jas., 107 
Wilkinson, John, 106 
Willard, Elias, 30 
Willard, Levi, 24, 30, 31 
WMllard, Moses, 106 
William and Mary's College, Va., 87, 

96 
Williams, Obediah, 30, 31 
Williams, Robt., 104, 106 
Williamsburgh, Va., 50, 51, 70, 91, 

102 
Williamson, Hugh, 104 
Wilmington, Del., 52 
Wilmot, Aquila, Dr , 55 
Wilson, Louis F., 96 
Wilson, Zachaus, 103 



140 



INDEX. 



Winchester, Va., 83 
Wing, Moses, 106 
Wingate, Jno., 106 
Witherspoon, John, 114 
Witherspoon, Mr., 72 
Wolcott, Alex., 69 
Wolcott, Oliver, 96, 99, 107 
Wood, Gerard, 112 
Woodfords, Col., 81 
Woodruff, H unlock, 48 
Woodward, Mass., 113 



Wright, Philemon, 106 
Writs of Assistance, 7 



Yale College, 82, 96 
Yarmouth, 85 
Yorl£ Ishmd, 95 
Yorktown, Va., 9 
Young, John, 106 
Younglove, Moses, 99 



